Skip to main content

More Rigor to Emotions! A Comparative, Qualitative Content Analysis of Anger in Russian Foreign Policy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Researching Emotions in International Relations

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in International Relations ((PSIR))

Abstract

This chapter puts forward the argument that we can only make full sense of the constitutive role of emotions in international relations by integrating them into a broader and more systematic picture. Sometimes conventional interpretative methods appear unsystematic and arbitrary and lack the possibility of generalization. This chapter advocates for the inclusion of more systematic comparative elements, a more longitudinal perspective as well as a more sensitive treatment of the ‘anger agents’. Using the example of post-Soviet Russia, the chapter outlines the design of a comparative, qualitative content analysis (QCA) of semantic anger patterns in Russian official speech since the mid-1990s. The methodology has several advantages: It provides constructivist research with a more stringent ‘theory testing’ potential and it produces more robust insight about the interplay between emotions and international policy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Some codes were developed inductively , particularly those within C4.

References

  • Allred, K. G., Mallozzi, J. S., Fusako, M., & Raia, C. P. (1997). The Influence of Anger and Compassion on Negotiation Performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(3), 175–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Averill, J. (1983). Studies on Anger and Aggression. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1145–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Averre, D. (2009). From Pristina to Tskhinvali: The Legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia’s Relations with the West. International Affairs, 85(3), 575–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1994). Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field. Sociological Theory, 12(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butt, A. N., Choi, J. N., & Jaeger, A. M. (2005). The Effects of Self-Emotion, Counterpart Emotion, and Counterpart Behavior on Negotiator Behavior: A Comparison of Individual-Level and Dyad-Level Dynamics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(6), 681–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czempiel, E.-O. (1998). Friedensstrategien. Eine systematische Darstellung außenpolitischer Theorien von Machiavelli bis Madariaga. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deonna, J. A., & Teroni, F. (2012). The Emotions. A Philosophical Introduction. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druckmann, W. (1993). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feather, N. T., & Nairne, K. (2009). Effects of Observer’s Own Status on Reactions to a High Achiever’s Failure: Deservingness, Resentment, Schadenfreude, and Sympathy. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(1), 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg, T., Heller, R., & Wolf, R. (2014). Introduction: Russia and the Quest for Status. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 47(3–4), 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fries, N. (2008). Die Kodierung von Emotionen in Texten. Part 1: Grundlagen. Journal of Literary Theory, 1(2), 293–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (2008). The Psychologist Point of View. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 68–87). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frolov, V. (2016). Govorit Moskva: chto Putin predlozhit miru v novoj mjunhenskoj rechi. Slon: Retrieved January 14, 2016, from https://slon.ru/posts/62473

  • Gould, R. V. (2003). Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity About Social Rank Breeds Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues. Daedalus, 133(4), 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. (2011). We Will Not Swallow This Bitter Fruit: Theorizing a Diplomacy of Anger. Security Studies, 20(4), 521–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, R. (2014). Russia’s Quest for Respect in the International Conflict Management in Kosovo. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 47(3–4), 333–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, L. M., Ottati, V. C., & Burns, K. C. (2006). Affects and Politics. Effects on Judgments, Processing, and Information Seeking. In D. P. Redlawsk (Ed.), Feeling Politics. Emotion in Political Information Processing (pp. 57–86). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahnemann, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassinove, H. (1995). Anger Disorders. Definition, Diagnosis and Treatment. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C. (1965). International Behaviour. A Socio-Psychological Analysis. New York et al.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences in Judgement and Choice. Cognition and Emotion, 14(4), 473–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, J., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, Anger and Risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, T. (2000). Die Macht der Perzeptionen und Perzeptionen von Mächten. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, D. M., Smith, E. R., & Ray, D. G. (2008). Intergroup Emotions and Intergroup Relations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 1866–1880.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbour: The University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M. (1996). Mental Rumination and Learned Helplessness: Cognitive Shifts During Helplessness Training and Their Behavioral Consequences. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive Interference. Theories, Methods, and Findings (pp. 191–209). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. T. (2001). Disrespect and the Experience of Injustice. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 527–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novaco, R. (1986). Anger as a Clinical and Social Problem. Advances in the Study of Aggression. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pouliot, V. (2010). International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO-Russia Diplomacy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, S. P. (2005). War and Human Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russian Federation. (2000). The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Approved by Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation on June 28, 2000. Retrieved from http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/doctrine/econcept.htm

  • Russian Federation. (2008). The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Approved by Dmitry A. Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, on 12 July 2008. President of Russia Official Web Portal. Retrieved from http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2008/07/204750.shtml

  • Russian Federation. (2013). Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin on 12 February 2013, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Official Site, Retrieved from http://archive.mid.ru//brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D

  • Sasley, B. E. (2011). Theorizing States’ Emotions. International Studies Review, 13, 452–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R. (2005). What Are Emotions? And How Can They Be Measured? Social Science Information, 44(4), 695–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz-Friesel, M. (2007). Sprache und Emotion, 2. Volume. Tübingen and Basel: Francke.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stets, J., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1978). The Psychological Structure of Intergroup Relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 27–98). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedens, L. (2001). Anger and Advancement Versus Sadness and Subjugation: The Effect of Negative Emotion Expressions on Social Status Conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 86–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Kleef, G., van Dijk, E., Steinel, W., Harinck, F., & van Beest, I. (2008). Anger in Social Conflict: Cross-Situational Comparisons and Suggestions for the Future. Group Decision and Negotiations, 17(1), 13–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volgy, T. J., Corbetta, R., Grant, K. A., & Baird, R. G. (2011). Major Power Status in International Politics. In T. J. Volgy, R. Corbetta, K. A. Grant, & R. G. Baird (Eds.), Major Powers and the Quest for Status in International Politics: Global and Regional Perspectives (pp. 1–26). New York: Palgrave.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wierzbicka, A. (1995). The Relevance of Language to the Study of Emotions. Psychological Inquiry, 6(3), 248–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, R. (2008). Respekt. Ein unterschätzter Faktor in den Internationalen Beziehungen. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 15(1), 5–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, R. (2011). Respect and Disrespect in International Politics. The Significance of Status Recognition. International Theory, 3(1), 104–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This article was written in the course of the research project “Claiming respect . Tracing the socio-emotional dimension of Russia’s relations with the West” funded by the German Research Council (DFG).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Heller, R. (2018). More Rigor to Emotions! A Comparative, Qualitative Content Analysis of Anger in Russian Foreign Policy. In: Clément, M., Sangar, E. (eds) Researching Emotions in International Relations. Palgrave Studies in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65575-8_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics