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Introduction

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The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors

Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence ((RPV))

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Abstract

This introductory chapter starts with the puzzle that the book addresses, namely why peace in Ituri remained fragile despite manifold efforts by local and international peacebuilding actors. It revisits existing literature on the conflicts in the DRC and Ituri, on international peacebuilding success and failure and on local and international peacebuilding actors. Thereby, the chapter shows that a gap remains with regard to taking the interaction between local and international peacebuilding actors as an explanatory factor for peacebuilding effectiveness. The book seeks to fill this gap by arguing that this interaction influenced the way in which local and international programs contributed to peace in Ituri. After summarizing the main argument, the chapter introduces the book’s analytical and methodological frameworks as well as its contributions to scholarship and practice. It concludes with an outline of the subsequent chapters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The status of Ituri changed from district to province on March 2, 2015 as foreseen in the constitution of 2006 (Democratic Republic of Congo 2006). This book is concerned with a time (1999–2014) when Ituri was still a district and thus refers to it as such. For maps of the Democratic Republic of Congo before and after the change, please see Appendix.

  2. 2.

    See for instance Young and Turner (1985); Reyntjens (1999); Van Acker (1999); Lemarchand (2001); Nzongola-Ntalaja (2002); Clark (2002); Dunn (2003); Carayannis (2003); Rogier (2003, 2004a, b, c); Vlassenroot (2004); Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2004a); Tremblay (2004); Nest et al. (2006); Autesserre (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012); Turner (2007, 2013); Reyntjens (2007); Prunier (2008a); Reyntjens (2009); Lemarchand (2009); Stearns (2011).

  3. 3.

    See for instance Pottier (2003, 2007, 2008, 2009); Maindo Monga (2003); Boshoff (2003); Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2003); Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2004b, c); Boshoff and Vircoulon (2004); Vircoulon (2005b, 2010); Prunier (2008b); Raeymaekers (2010); Veit (2010); Fahey (2013).

  4. 4.

    See for instance Young and Turner (1985); Lemarchand (2001); Tull (2010); Englebert and Tull (2013).

  5. 5.

    See for instance Clark (2002); Carayannis (2003); Vlassenroot (2004); Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2004a, 2005); Nest et al. (2006); Turner (2007, 2013); Prunier (2008a, 2009); Reyntjens (2009); Lemarchand (2009); Stearns (2011).

  6. 6.

    See for instance Rogier (2003, 2004a, c); Reyntjens (2007); Carayannis (2009).

  7. 7.

    See for instance Dunn (2003); Autesserre (2012); Koddenbrock (2012).

  8. 8.

    See for instance Vircoulon (2005a); Autesserre (2009, 2010); Tull (2009).

  9. 9.

    See for instance Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2003); Boshoff and Vircoulon (2004); Vlassenroot and Raeymaekers (2004b, c); Vircoulon (2005b); Prunier (2008b); Vircoulon and Liégeois (2010); Vircoulon (2010); Veit (2010); Fahey (2013).

  10. 10.

    See for instance Veit (2010); Vircoulon (2010).

  11. 11.

    See for instance Pottier (2003, 2007, 2008, 2009).

  12. 12.

    See for instance Maindo Monga (2003); Fahey (2009).

  13. 13.

    Conflict issues are not synonymous with conflict causes. Issues denote the dynamic factors that play a role in the conflict outbreak and conduct, but do not necessarily directly cause it.

  14. 14.

    There is a dearth of literature on local peacebuilding success and failure. This book addresses this gap as will be explained below.

  15. 15.

    Local peacebuilding actors are not equated with civil society. The latter engage in a broad range of activities, including many that are outside of the realm of peacebuilding.

  16. 16.

    Barnett et al. (2007, 37) for instance say that “peacebuilding is generically understood as external interventions that are intended to reduce the risk that a state will erupt into or return to war.”

  17. 17.

    Another example is its neglect in scholarship on success and failure of peacebuilding (see above).

  18. 18.

    Van Leeuwen (2009) provides a noteworthy exception. The only other studies focusing directly on the interaction between local and international peacebuilding actors are oriented towards policy-makers and practitioners (see for instance Anderson and Olson (2003, 35–45); McGuinness (2012); Cohen (2014)).

  19. 19.

    He refers to the terms ‘local’ and ‘global,’ but his statement is also valid for the categories of local and international peacebuilding actors.

  20. 20.

    Barnett et al. (2007) create a heuristic framework to define peacebuilding along three dimensions: stability creation, restoration of state institutions and socio-economic dimensions. Similarly, Chetail (2009) cites security, socio-economic recovery and democracy as components of peacebuilding. Smith (2004) adds reconciliation as one of the main activities of peacebuilding.

  21. 21.

    Mac Ginty (2011) provides an exception to this critique.

  22. 22.

    The grounded theory approach was originally developed by Glaser and Strauss with the publication of their book The Discovery of Grounded Theory in 1967. The authors had two main objectives: to come up with a methodology that could build theories grounded in the data itself to close “the embarrassing gap between theory and empirical research” (Glaser and Strauss 1967, VII) as well as to show that qualitative research could do more than test hypotheses, namely build verifiable theories. Since Glaser and Strauss published their first book, several authors have developed grounded theory further. Charmaz (2000, 509) introduced the constructivist version of grounded theory. She suggests considering what positivists see as given as social and to question and alter it. The analyses made are then “interpretive renderings of a reality, not objective reportings of it” (Charmaz 2000, 510). The book is based on her version of grounded theory.

  23. 23.

    Some expert interviews in Europe were also conducted.

  24. 24.

    I tried to share my findings as often as possible with respondents. This was not feasible in all the cases, however, as I could only reach some villages with great difficulty the first time and thus for time and financial reasons, I could not go back a second time. I wrote or translated some publications into French to share them with interviewees. I also shared some findings in a presentation at the University of Bunia in December 2013.

  25. 25.

    Most of the sources were anonymized to protect the respondents (unless their specific consent was asked for). For this reason, when citing interviews or FGDs with local chiefs, secretaries of local chiefs and local judges, the district, rather than the village, is indicated.

  26. 26.

    Only the ones directly cited in this book were transcribed.

  27. 27.

    Some interviews and FGDs were conducted with the help of interpreters. All transcriptions were made in French or English. For citations of an interview or a FGD in French, I translated the relevant parts into English.

  28. 28.

    All respondents in interviews and FGDs were asked for their informed consent and were informed that participation was voluntary. The consent was oral rather than written as signing a paper might have frightened people or exposed illiteracy.

  29. 29.

    My own security strategy was to develop a network consisting of different local contacts with whom I discussed the security situation and evaluated where I could go and where not. I then compared this information with updates from MONUSCO and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). I never travelled alone and also made sure I had an evacuation route should the security situation have changed rapidly.

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    Sara Hellmüller

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Hellmüller, S. (2018). Introduction. In: The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors . Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65301-3_1

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