Skip to main content

Foot Patrol Policies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Foot Patrol

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Criminology ((BRIEFSTRANSLAT))

  • 302 Accesses

Abstract

The final chapter draws together the evidence from the preceding chapters as well as the assessments of the authors to outline a range of policy options that are suggested would spur effective foot patrol assignments. These include selecting the right officers for the role, training for foot beat assignments, and the geographic scope of the foot patrol areas. An example of the Hotspot Matrix is adapted for foot patrol demonstrating where it is likely most effective and cost-efficient. Additional sections include discussing the role of foot patrol in a wider crime control strategy, involving the community, and assessing foot patrol’s effectiveness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    A request that was not granted unfortunately and a source of complaint by the community. See page 156 of U.S. Department of Justice (2016) Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department. Civil Rights Division. 10th August, 2016

References

  • Barker, J. C. (1999). Danger, duty, and disillusion: The worldview of Los Angeles police officers. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekiempis, V. (2015, May 17). Foot patrol: A catch-22 of community policing. Newsweek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braga, A. A. (2005). Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(3), 317–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A., & Hureau, D. (2012). Hot spots policing effects on crime. (Campbell systematic reviews no. 8). Oslo: Campbell Collaboration.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chainey, S., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2005). GIS and crime mapping. London: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, B. M., & Kringen, A. L. (2016). Engaging communities one step at a time: Policing’s tradition of foot patrol as an innovative community engagement strategy. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • CPC. (1994). Understanding community policing: A framework for action. Washington, D.C.: Community Policing Consortium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craven, K. (2009). Foot patrols: Crime analysis and community engagement to further the commitment to community policing. Community Policing Dispatch (The e-newsletter of the COPS Office), 2(2), e-newsletter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, T. (1992). Contemporary patrol tactics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.). Community policing defined. Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eck, J. E., Chainey, S., Cameron, J. G., Leitner, M., & Wilson, R. E. (2005). Mapping crime: Understanding hot spots (p. 79). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esbensen, F.-A. (1987). Foot patrols: Of what value? American Journal of Police, 6(1), 45–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eterno, J. A., & Silverman, E. B. (2006). The New York city police department’s compstat: Dream or nightmare? International Journal of Police Science and Management, 8(3), 218–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (2003). Methodological quality standards for evaluation research. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587(1), 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannetti, W. J. (2007). What is operation safe streets? IALEIA Journal, 17(1), 22–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, S. (1971). Foot patrolmen losing out to red cars. Philadelphia Bulletin. Feb 4th.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., Haberman, C., Sorg, E., Joyce, N., & Taylor, R. B. (2015). Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology, 51(1), 23–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerry, A.-M. (1833). Essai sur la statistique morale de la France: Precede d’un rapport a l’Academie de sciences. Paris: Chez Crochard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberman, C. P. (2016). A view inside the “Black Box” of hot spots policing from a sample of police commanders. Police Quarterly, 19(4), 488–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayeslip, D. W., Jr., & Cordner, G. W. (1987). Effects of community-oriented patrol on police officer attitudes. The American Journal of Police, 6(1), 95–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, B. (2015). A night on patrol with the NYPD. Newsweek. 6th June 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. R., & LaFrance, C. (2016). The influence of career stage on police officer work behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(11), 1580–1599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, I. K., & Whitehouse, R. (1995). The approachability of police officers patrolling on foot: A pilot study. Policing and Society, 5(4), 339–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D. (2006). Community policing: A skeptical view. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 44–73). Chicago: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, H. (1862). London labour and the London poor. London: Griffin Bohn.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, P. P. (2002). Managing police operations: Implementing the New York crime control model – CompStat. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. J. (2016). The Sacramento hot spots policing experiment: An extension and sensitivity analysis. Unpublished dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moskos, P. (2008). Cop in the hood: My year policing Baltimore’s Eastern District. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, K. J., Fox, A. M., Carr, C. M., & Spade, D. A. (2016). The efficacy of foot patrol in violent places. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12(3), 465–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pate, A. M. (1986). Experimenting with foot patrol: The Newark experience. In D. P. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Community crime prevention: Does it work? (pp. 137–156). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philadelphia Police Department. (2010). Foot patrol: Our veterans’ perspectives. http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/Foot%20patrol%20training%20document.pdf. Accessed 8/3/2016.

  • Quetelet, A. (1842). A treatise in man. Edinburgh: Chambers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J. H. (2004). The hotspot matrix: A framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Police Practice and Research, 5(1), 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016). Intelligence-led policing (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J. H., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E. R., & Wood, J. D. (2011). The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots. Criminology, 49(3), 795–831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J. H., Groff, E. R., Haberman, C. P., & Sorg, E. T. (2012). Smart policing initiative final report (Unpublished) (p. 92). Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, D. (2015). Born to walk. Toronto: ECW Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G. (2006). The promise of community policing. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 27–43). Chicago: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G., Hartnett, S. M., DuBois, J., Comey, J. T., Kaiser, M., & Lovig, J. H. (1999). On the beat: Police and community problem solving. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C. P., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Groff, E. R. (2013). Foot patrol in violent crime hot spots: Longitudinal impacts of deterrence and post-treatment effects of displacement. Criminology, 51(1), 65–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, J. W., & Block, C. R. (1988). Finding crime hot spots: Experiments in the identification of high crime areas. 1988 Annual meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society, Minneapolis, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syed, M. (2015). Black box thinking: Why most people never learn from their mistakes - but some do. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telep, C. W., Mitchell, R. J., & Weisburd, D. (2014). How much time should the police spend at crime hot spots? Answers from a police agency directed randomized field trial in Sacramento, California. Justice Quarterly, 31(5), 905–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice (2016). Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department (trans: Division, C.R.). (pp. 163). Washington, D.C.: Civil Rights Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (2006). Hot spots policing as a model for police innovation. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 225–244). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., Bushway, S., Lum, C., & Yang, S.-M. (2004). Trajectories of crime at places: A longitudinal study of street segments in the City of Seattle. Criminology, 42(2), 283–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West Baltimore Commission on Police Misconduct, & The No Boundaries Coalition. (2016). Over-policed, yet underserved: The People’s findings regarding police misconduct in West Baltimore (p. 31). No Boundaries Coalition for Central West Baltimore; Baltimore MD. http://www.noboundariescoalition.com/commissionreport/

  • Williams, M. L., Burnap, P., & Sloan, L. (2017). Crime sensing with big data: The affordances and limitations of using open source communications to estimate crime patterns. British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 320–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. D., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Taylor, C. J. (2014). Cops as treatment providers: Realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and Society, 24(3), 362–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. D., Taylor, C. J., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2015). Aligning policing and public health promotion: Insights from the world of foot patrol. Police Practice and Research, 16(3), 211–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ratcliffe, J.H., Sorg, E.T. (2017). Foot Patrol Policies. In: Foot Patrol. SpringerBriefs in Criminology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65247-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65247-4_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65246-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65247-4

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics