Skip to main content

The Beginnings of Genetic Improvement: 1952–1968

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Domestication of Radiata Pine

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 83))

  • 339 Accesses

Abstract

While genetic improvement is the main theme of this chapter, we first review the context in which the improvement began to be vigorously pursued. For growing radiata pine 1951–1968 was a period leading up to major upsurges of new planting in the main grower countries. Areas planted in radiata pine as at 1956, by individual country. Meanwhile some major industrial plants processing radiata wood were opened, and more were being planned. Also, further biotic scares occurred in several regions. Since these and other circumstances differed markedly among the main grower countries, we review the context of such events and initiatives by country.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahuja MR, Libby WJ (eds) (1993) Clonal forestry. Vol. 1. Genetics and biotechnology (15 chapters, p ix + 277). Vol. 2. Conservation and application (p 240). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1958a) Specimens of two pine trees from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. N Z J For 7:81–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1958b) Evidence of hybridization between Pinus attenuata and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. 2. Variation in samples of two-year-old Pinus attenuata, Pinus radiata and their hybrids. Trans R Soc N Z 85:217–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1958c) Variation in samples of two-year-old Pinus attenuata, Pinus radiata and their hybrids. Trans R Soc N Z 85:227–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1959) Artificial selection and Pinus radiata. N Z J For 8:69–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1962a) Some variations in the growth pattern of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. N Z J Sci 5:342–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1962b) Variation of turpentine composition in five population samples of Pinus radiata. N Z J Sci 5:486–495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH (1965a) Variation in the breeding system of Pinus radiata. In: Baker HG and Stebbins GL (ed) The genetics of colonising species. Academic Press. pp 353–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH, McDonald IRC (1983) Turpentine composition of the pines of Guadalupe and Cedros Islands, Baja California. N Z J Bot 21:373–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH, Vine MH (1981) An early progeny trial in Pinus radiata. 4. Wood density. N Z J For Sci 11:221–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister MH, Williams AL, McDonald IRC et al (1962) Variation of turpentine composition of five population samples of Pinus radiata. N Z J Sci 5:486–495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BCFC (1957) Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand: summary report, resolutions and reports of committees. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, p 83

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevege DI (2010) The challenge of change in a climate of uncertainty: looking back to the future through the prism of Max Jacobs’ forestry career. Aust For 73:140–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blight MM, Brewerton HV, McDonald IRC et al (1964) β-pinene content of the Pinus radiata population of Kaingaroa Forest. N Z J Sci 7:457–459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (1971) Clonal repeatabilities and clone-site interactions in Pinus radiata. Silvae Genet 20:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (1976) Foliar macronutrient concentrations and foliage retention in radiata pine on four sites. N Z J For Sci 5:250–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (1992) Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. 9. General discussion and implications for genetic management. N Z J For Sci 22:274–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (1994) Annual growth stages for height and diameter in Pinus radiata. N Z J For Sci 24:11–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (2001) Pinus radiata. In: Last FT (ed) Ecosystems of the world, Vol. 19, Tree crop ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 99–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (2010) Wood properties and genetic improvement of radiata pine. N Z J For 55(2):22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD, Harris JM (1973) Wood density in radiata pine clones on four different sites. N Z J For Sci 3:286–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD, Shelbourne CJA (1971) Breeding populations for recurrent selection: conflicts and possible solutions. N Z J For Sci 1:174–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD (compil.), Thulin IJ (ed) (1966) The improvement of Pinus radiata. Proceedings, FRI symposium No. 6, Rotorua, November 1965. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, p 92

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD, Bannister MH, Madgwick HAI et al (1992a) Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. 1: introduction, description of experiment, and basic methodology. N Z J For Sci 22:119–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD, Bannister MH, Low CB (1992b) Genetic survey of Pinus radiata. 2: population comparisons for growth rate, disease resistance and morphology. N Z J For Sci 22:138–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdon RD, Carson MJ, Shelbourne CJA (2008) Achievements in forest tree genetic improvement in Australia and New Zealand 10: Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Aust For 71:263–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burley J (2004) A historical overview of forest tree improvement. In: Burley J, Evans J, Youngquist J (eds) Encyclopedia of forest sciences. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford and San Diego, pp 1532–1538

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher TB (2007) Achievements in forest tree genetic improvement in Australia and New Zealand. 7: maritime pine and Brutian pine tree improvement programs in Western Australia. Aust For 70:141–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb FW, Miller DR (1968) Hosts and geographic distribution of Schirria pini—the cause of red band needle blight in California. J For 66:930–933

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockayne AH (1914) The Monterey pine—the great timber-tree of the future. The [N Z] J Agric 8(1):1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway MJ (1962) Aerial application of phosphate fertilisers to radiata pine forests in New Zealand. Empire Forestry Review 41(3):234–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield WB (1967) Crossability and relationships of the Californian closed cone pines. Silvae Genet 16:89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Dadswell HE, Fielding JM, Nicholls JWP et al (1961) Tree-to-tree variations and the gross heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. Tappi 44:174–179

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin CR (1868) The variation of plants and animals under domestication; vol. 1, p viii + 411; vol. 2, p vii + 486. John Murray, London (More recent editions available)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Gryse JJ (1955) Forest pathology in New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service, Bulletin No. 11. p vi + 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffield JW (1952) Relationships and species hybridization in the genus Pinus. Z Forstgenet Forstpflanzenzücht 1:93–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge KG (1966) A seed production experiment with Pinus radiata. Aust For 30:43–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge KG, Matthews CWF (1977) Bibliography of Australian tree breeding and forest genetics to 1975. Divisional Report No. 1, CSIRO Division of Forest Research, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott HJ, Felton KC, Jarman SJ et al (2008) A history of innovation: eighty-five years of research and development at Forestry Tasmania. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, p vii + 392

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM (1953) Variations in Monterey pine. Bulletin, Forestry and Timber Bureau Australia, Canberra, No. 31. p 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM (1954) Methods of raising Monterey pine from cuttings in open beds. Bulletin, Forestry and Timber Bureau Australia, Canberra, No. 32. p 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM (1957) The breeding of Monterey pine in the Australian Capital Territory. In: Paper to 7th British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, JM (1961a) Provenances of Monterey and bishop pines. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra, Bulletin No. 38. p 30

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM (1961b) The pines of Cedros Island. Aust For 24:62–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM (1970) Trees grown from cuttings compared with trees grown from seed (Pinus radiata D.Don). Silvae Genet 19:54–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding JM, Brown AG (1961) Tree-to-tree variations in the health and some effect of superphosphate on the growth and development of Monterey pine on a low quality site. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Australia, Leaflet No. 79. p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Forde MB (1964a) Variation in native populations of Pinus radiata. 1. Sampling methods and branch characters. N Z J Bot 2:213–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forde MB (1964b) Inheritance of turpentine composition in Pinus attenuata x radiata hybrids. New Zeal J Bot 2(1):53–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Giertych M (1991) Provenance variation in growth and phenology. In: Giertych M, Mátyás C (eds) Genetics of Scots pine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 87–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood JV, Libby WJ (1978) Continuing effects of maturation state in radiata pine and a general maturation model. In: Hughes KW, Henke R, Constantin M (eds) Proceedings, international symposium on “propagation of higher plants through tissue culture.” USDOE Conf. 7804111, pp 220–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood JV, Libby WJ (1980) A clonal study of intraspecific variability in radiata pine. I. Cold and animal damage. Aust For Res 10:9–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DS (1955) The Pinus radiata/Sirex noctilio relationship at Rotoehu Forest. N Z J For 7(2):26–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GR, Burdon RD (1990) Family–site interaction in Pinus radiata: implications for progeny testing strategy and regionalised breeding in New Zealand. Silvae Genet 39:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson IG, Cotterill IM, Raymond CA et al (2008) Half a century of Pinus radiata tree improvement in New South Wales. N Z J For 52(4):7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S (2004) Effect of selfing on various economic traits in Pinus radiata and some implications for breeding strategy. For Sci 50:571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen CS (1956) Genetics in silviculture (trans: Anderson ML). Oliver and Boyd, London. pp 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner IM (1958) The genetic basis of selection. John Wiley & Sons, NY, Chapman & Hall, London, p 298

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner IM, Libby WJ (1976) Heredity, evolution and society, 2nd edn. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco, p 431

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, N.B. 1975. A hundred years of state forestry—South Australia 1875–1975. Woods and Forests Department, Adelaide. (A Centenary Publication) Bulletin No. 22. p 122

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ, Conkle MT (1966) Effects of auxin treatment, tree age, tree vigor and cold storage on rooting young Monterey pine. For Sci 12:484–505

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ, Hood JV (1976) Juvenility in hedged radiata pine. Acta Hortic 59:91–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ, Bannister MH, Linhart YB (1968) The pines of Cedros and Guadalupe islands. J For 66:846–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Libby WJ, Brown AG, Fielding JM (1972) Effects of hedging radiata pine on production, rooting and early growth of cuttings. N Z J For Sci 2:263–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist B (1948) Genetics in Swedish forestry practice [Translation of Lindquist (1946)]. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDougal DT (1938) Tree growth. Chronica Botanica, Leiden, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthew P (1831) On naval timber and arboriculture. Adam Black, Edinburgh, p 391

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell E (1930) Afforestation in southern lands. Whitcombe and Tombs, Auckland, New Zealand, p 315

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki Y (1696) A cyclopedia of agriculture. Volume 9. Various trees. agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300185227

    Google Scholar 

  • Namkoong G, Snyder EB, Stonecypher RW (1966) Heritability and gain concepts for evaluating breeding systems and seedling orchards. Silvae Genet 15:76–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls JWP, Dadswell HE, Fielding JM (1964) The heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. Silvae Genet 13:68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawsey CK (1960) Cone production reduced, apparently by drought, in the south-east of South Australia. Aust For 24:74–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawsey, CK (1964) Inbreeding of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don). Forestry and Timber Bureau, Australia, Leaflet No. 89. p 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawsey CK (1967) Breeding Monterey pine in the south-east of South Australia. MSc thesis, University of Melbourne. p 38 plus 11 supporting articles

    Google Scholar 

  • Pederick LA, Brown AG (1976) Seed production in radiata pine seed orchards in Australia. Aust For 40:144–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Poynton RJ (1960) Notes on exotic forest trees in South Africa, 2nd edn. revised. Department of Forestry, Government Printer, Pretoria, p 186

    Google Scholar 

  • Poynton RJ (1977) Tree planting in South Africa. Volume 1. the pines. Department of Forestry, Republic of South Africa, p 576

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravdin LF (1964) Scots pine. Variation, intraspecific taxonomy and selection. Translated from Russian by R. Karshon in 1969. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. Annarbor Humphrey Science Publishers Ltd., London, p iv + 208

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston S (1968) Division of forest products—a brief history. CSIRO Forest Products Newsletter No. 350: 4–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond CA (2011) Genotype by environment interaction for Pinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia. Tree Genet Genomes 7:819–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche MM (1990) History of New Zealand forestry. New Zealand Forestry Corporation in association with GP Books, Wellington, p 466

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott CW (1960) Pinus radiata. FAO Forestry and Forest Products Studies No. 14. Rome, p 328

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelbourne CJA (1969) Tree breeding methods. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, Technical Paper No. 55. p 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelbourne CJA, Burdon RD, Bannister MH et al (1979) Choosing the best provenances of radiata pine for different sites in New Zealand. N Z J For 24:288–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd KR (1977) Forest tree breeding in Australia. Divisional report 2. CSIRO Division of Forest Research, Canberra, p 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GB (1963) A pilot trial: Grafting on to natural regeneration of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, Forest Tree Improvement Report No. 13 (unpubl.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet GB (1973) The effect of maturation on the growth and form of vegetative propagules of radiata pine. N Z J For Sci 3:191–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Thulin IJ (1957) Application of tree breeding to New Zealand forestry. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute Technical Paper No. 22. p 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Toda R (1974) Vegetative propagation in relation to Japanese forest tree improvement. N Z J For Sci 4:410–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufuor K, Libby WJ (1973) First-lift pruning times of radiata pine seedlings and rooted cuttings in a small California experiment. N Z J For 18:124–132

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wyk G, Roeder KR (1978) The status of tree breeding in South Africa. South Afr For J 107(1):54–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent TG, Dunstan JS (1989) Register of commercial seedlots issued by the New Zealand Forest Service. Ministry of Forestry, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, FRI Bulletin 144. p 155

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston (1956) Fertiliser trials in unthrifty pine plantations at Riverhead Forest. N Z J For 8:35–46

    Google Scholar 

  • White TL, Adams WT, Neale DB (2007) Forest genetics. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and Cambridge, MA, p x + 682

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox MD (1983) Inbreeding depression and variances estimated from self- and cross-pollinated families of Pinus radiata. Silvae Genet 32:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox MD, Thulin IJ, Vincent TG (1976) Selection of Pinus radiata clones for planting from cuttings. N Z J For 21:239–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams ER, Matheson AC (1994) Experimental design and analysis for use in tree improvement. CSIRO, Victoria, Australia, p 174

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu HX, Eldridge KG, Matheson AC et al (2007) Achievements in forest tree improvement in Australia and New Zealand 8: Successful introduction and breeding of radiata pine in Australia. Aust For 70:215–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zagory D, Libby WJ (1985) Maturation-related resistance of radiata pine to western gall rust. Phytopathology 75:1443–1447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zobel BJ, Sprague JR (1993) A forestry revolution. A history of tree improvement in the Southern United States. Carolina Academic Press, (Reprint and online version available) p 161

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Rowland Burdon , William Libby or Alan Brown .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Burdon, R., Libby, W., Brown, A. (2017). The Beginnings of Genetic Improvement: 1952–1968. In: Domestication of Radiata Pine. Forestry Sciences, vol 83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65018-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics