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Osteocardiology Risk Factors

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Osteocardiology

Abstract

Over the past century, risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been elucidated using large cohort databases. Traditional risk factors including smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension and male gender as the leading causes of cardiovascular disease, including stroke heart attack and death. Recently, the MESA database has helped to understand subclinical risk factors, which are responsible for the development of subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. These risk factors provide the foundation for the study of bone formation in the heart—osteocardiology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Most Sacred Heart of Jesus Cardiology and Valvular Institute, Sheboygan, Wisconsin, USA

    Nalini M. Rajamannan

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  1. Nalini M. Rajamannan
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Rajamannan, N.M. (2018). Osteocardiology Risk Factors. In: Osteocardiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64994-8_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64994-8_1

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