Abstract
Laser metal deposition process, an additive manufacturing process offer lots of advantages such as ability to produce three dimensional (3D) object from the 3D computer aided design of the object- meaning that whatever can be drawn using any CAD software can be manufactured; the ability to make part with composite and functionally graded materials- because it can make use of multi materials at the same time; and the ability to build a new materials on an old material with good metallurgical integrity. These important characteristics of the laser metal deposition process have made it the manufacturing technology of the future. This chapter presents case studies on laser metal deposition of titanium alloy-Ti6Al4V and its composite materials because of the role this materials play in key industrial applications. Also, laser metal deposition process is a relatively new technology and some of the process physics are yet to be fully understood. These case studies shed more lights on the use of this additive manufacturing process for Ti6Al4V and its composites, the influence of some processing parameters on the evolving properties and how such processing parameters can be controlled in order to tailor the properties of the component being fabricated.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cui XH, Mao YS, Wei MX, Wang SQ (2012) Wear Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at 20–400 °C. Tribol Trans 55(2):185–190
Askeland DR, Fulay PP, Wright WJ (2011) The science and engineering of materials, 6th edn. Global Engineering, Canada
Ezugwu EO, Wang ZM (1997) Titanium alloys and their machinability a review. J Mater Process Technol 68:262–274
Machado AR, Wallbank J (1990) Machining of titanium and its alloys a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf 204:53–60
Yang X, Liu CR (1999) Machining titanium and its alloys. Mach Sci Technol 3(1):107–139
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2014) Revolutionary additive manufacturing: an overview. Lasers Eng 27:161–178
Scott J, Gupta N, Wember C, Newsom S, Wohlers T, Caffrey T (2012) Additive manufacturing: status and opportunities. Science and Technology Policy Institute. Available from https://www.ida.org/stpi/occasionalpapers/papers/AM3D_33012_Final.pdf. Accessed on 11 Jan 2017
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) The role of transverse speed on deposition height and material efficiency in laser deposited titanium alloy. In: 2013 international multi-conference of engineering and computer science (IMECS 2013), March 2013, pp 876–881
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2012) Effect of laser power on material efficiency, layer height and width of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V. In: world congress of engineering and computer science, San Francisco 2012, 24–26 October 2012, pp 1433–1438
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) Material efficiency of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V: effect of laser power. Eng Lett 21(1):EL_21_1_03. Available online at http://www.engineeringletters.com/issues_v21/issue_1/EL_21_1_03.pdf
Akinlabi ET, Mahamood RM, Shukla M, Pityana S (2012) Effect of scanning speed on material efficiency of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V. World Academy of Science and Technology, Paris 2012, vol 6, pp 58–62
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) Laser metal deposition of Ti6Al4V: a study on the effect of laser power on microstructure and microhardness. In: International multi-conference of engineering and computer science (IMECS 2013), March 2013, pp 994–999
Pityana S, Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M (2013) Effect of gas flow rate and powder flow rate on properties of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V. In: 2013 international multi-conference of engineering and computer science (IMECS 2013), March 2013, pp 848–851
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) Characterizing the effect of processing parameters on the porosity properties of laser deposited titanium alloy. In: International multi-conference of engineering and computer science (IMECS 2014)
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET (2016) Process parameters optimization for material deposition efficiency in laser metal deposited titanium alloy. Lasers Manuf Mater Proces 3(1):9–21. doi:10.1007/s40516-015-0020-5
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Akinlabi SA (2014) Laser power and scanning speed influence on the mechanical property of laser metal deposited titanium-alloy. Lasers Manuf Mater Proces 2(1):43–55
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) Characterizing the effect of laser power density on microstructure, microhardness and surface finish of laser deposited titanium alloy. J Manuf Sci Eng 135(6):064502–064502-4. doi:10.1115/1.4025737
ErmachenkoAG, Lutfullin RY, Mulyukov RR (2011) Advanced technologies of processing titanium alloys and their applications in industry. Rev Adv Mater Sci 29:68–82
Richter E, Orban KH, Nowotny S (2004) Laser cladding of the Titanium alloy Ti6242 to restore damaged blades. In: Proceedings of 23rd international congress on applications of lasers and electro-optics
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET (2016) Achieving mass customization through additive manufacturing. In: Schlick C, Trzcieliński S (eds) Advances in ergonomics of manufacturing: managing the enterprise of the future. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 490. Springer, Switzerland
Allen J (2006) An investigation into the comparative costs of additive manufacture vs. machine from solid for aero engine parts. In: Cost effective manufacture via net-shape processing, meeting proceedings RTO-MP-AVT-139, Paper 17, 2006, pp 1–10
Graf B, Gumenyuk A, Rethmeier M (2012) Laser metal deposition as repair technology for stainless steel and Titanium alloys. Phys Proc 39:376–381
Pinkerton AJ, Wang W, Li L (2008) Component repair using laser direct metal deposition. J Eng Manuf 222:827–836
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET (2017) Scanning speed influence on the microstructure and micro hardness properties of titanium alloy produced by laser metal deposition process. Materials today: Proceedings 4(4):5206–5214
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2013) Scanning velocity influence on microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance performance on laser deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite. Mater Des 50:656–666
E3 − 11 (2011) Standard guide for preparation of metallographic specimens. ASTM international Book of Standards, vol 03.01
Ermachenko AG, Lutfullin RY, Mulyukov RR (2011) Advanced technologies of processing titanium alloys and their applications in industry. Rev Adv Mater Sci 29:68–82
Donachi MJ (2000) Titanium—a technical guide, 2nd edn. ASM International, Metals Park, OH
Lütjering G, Williams JC (2003) Titanium. Springer, Berlin, Germany
Arrazola PJ, Garay A, Iriarte LM, Armendia M, Marya S, Le Maître F (2009) Machinability of Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti555.3). J Mater Process Technol 209(5):2223–2230
Zhang S, Wu WT, Wang MC, Man HC (2001) Insitu synthesis and wear performance of TiC particle reinforced composite coating on alloy Ti6Al4V. Surf Coat Technol 138(1):95–100
Straffelini G, Andriani A, Tesi B, Molinari A, Galvanetto E (2004) Lubricated rolling sliding behaviour of ion nitride and untreated Ti.6Al.4V. Wear 256(3–4):346–352
Miyoshi K (2001) Solid lubrication fundamentals and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York
Balla VK, Bhat A, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Laser processed TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coatings. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 6:9–20
Popoola API, Ochonogor OF, Abdulwahab M, Pityana S, Meacock C (2012) Microhardness and wear behaviour of surface modified Ti6Al4V/Zr-TiC metal matrix composite for advanced material. J Optoelectr Adv Mater 14(11–12):991–997
Kubiak KJ, Pawlak W, Wendler BG, Mathia TG (2013) Wear resistant multilayer nanocomposite WC1-x/C coating on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. In: 40th Leeds-Lyon symposium on tribology and tribochemistry Forum, September 4–6 2013, Lyon, France
Popoola API, Ochonogor OF, Abdulwahab M (2013) Corrosion and hardness characteristics of laser surface modified Ti6Al4V/Zr+ TiC and Ti6Al4V/Ti+ TiC composites. Int J Electrochem Sci 8:2449–2458
Bejjani R, Balazinski M, Shi B, Attia H, Kishawy H (2011) Machinability and chip formation of titanium metal matrix composites. Int J Adv Manuf Syst 13(1):75–90
Poletti C, Merstallinger A, Schubert T, Marketz W, Degischer HP (2004) Wear and friction coefficient of particle reinforced Ti-alloys. Mater Sci Eng Technol 35(10–11):741–749
Abkowitz S, Abkowitz SM, Fisher H, Schwartz PJ (2004) CermeTi® discontinuously reinforced Ti-matrix composites: manufacturing, properties, and applications. J Min Met Mater Soc 56(5):37–41
Wang F, Mei J, Jiang H, Wu X (2007) Laser fabrication of Ti6Al4V/TiC composites using simultaneous powder and wire feed. Mater Sci Eng A 445–446:461–466
Kim YJ, Chung H, Kang SJL (2002) Processing and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V/TiC in situ composite fabricated by gas–solid reaction. Mater Sci Eng A 333(1–2):343–350
Cui ZD, Zhu SL, Man HC, Yang XJ (2005) Microstructure and wear performance of gradient Ti/TiN metal matrix composite coating synthesized using a gas nitriding technology. Surf Coat Technol 190(2–3):309–313
Joshi PB, Marathe GR, Murti NSS, Kaushik VK, Ramakrishnan P (2002) Reactive synthesis of titanium matrix composite powders. Mater Lett 56(3):322–328
Selamat MS, Watson LM, Baker TN (2003) XRD and XPS studies on surface MMC layer of SiC reinforced Ti–6Al–4V alloy. J Mater Process Technol 142(3):725–737
Lapin J, Ondrúš L, Bajana O (2003) Effect of Al2O3 particles on mechanical properties of directionally solidified intermetallic Ti–46Al–2W–0.5Si alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 360(1–2):85–95
de Castro V, Leguey T, Muñoz A, Monge MA, Pareja R (2006) Microstructure and tensile properties of Y2O3-dispersed Titanium produced by arc melting. Mater Sci Eng A 422(1–2):189–197
Zhanga E, Zenga S, Wang B (2002) Preparation and microstructure of in situ particle reinforced Titanium matrix alloy. J Mater Process Technol 125–126:103–109
Lloyd DJ (1990) Particulate reinforced composites produced by molten mixing. In: Das SK, Ballard CP, Marikar F (eds) High performance composites for the 1990s. TMS-New Jersey, pp 33–46
Eskandarany MS (2000) Structure and properties of nanocrystalline TiC full density bulk alloy consolidated from mechanically reacted powders. J Alloy Compd 305(1–2):225–238
Miracle DB (2005) Metal matrix composites—from science to technological significance. Comp Sci Technol 65(15–16):2526–2540
Kennedy R, Karantzalis AE, Wyatt SM (1999) The microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC and TiB2-reinforced cast metal matrix composites. J Mater Sci 34(5):933–940
Loretto MH, Konitzer DG (1990) The effect of matrix reinforcement reaction on fracture in Ti-6AI-4V-base composites. Metallur Trans A 21(6):1579–1587
Nalla RK, Ritchi RO, Boyce BL, Campbell JP, Peters JO (2002) Influence of microstructure on high-cycle fatigue of Ti-6al-4v: bimodal vs. lamellar structures. Metallur Mater Trans A 33(3):899–918
Singermann SA, Jackson JJ (1996) Titanium metal matrix composite for aerospace applications. In: Proceedings of eighth international symposium on superalloys, pp 579–586
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET (2015) Effect of processing parameters on wear resistance property of laser material deposited titanium-alloy composite. J Optoelectr Adv Mater (JOAM) 17(9–10):1348–1360
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET (2015) Effect of laser power and powder flow rate on the wear resistance behaviour of laser metal deposited TiC/Ti6Al4V composites. Mater Today Proc 2(4–5):2679–2686
Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET, Shukla M, Pityana S (2014) Characterization of laser deposited Ti6A4V/TiC composite. Lasers Eng 29(3–4):197–213
Obielodan J, Stucker B (2013) Characterization of LENS-fabricated Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al4V/TiC dual-material transition joints. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 66(9–12):2053–2061
Ochonogor OF, Meacock C, Abdulwahab M, Pityana S, Popoola API (2012) Effects of Ti and TiC ceramic powder on laser cladded Ti–6Al–4V in situ intermetallic composite. Appl Surf Sci 263:591–596
BS EN ISO 4288 (1998) Geometric product specification (GPS). Surface texture. Profile method: rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture, BSI
ASTM E384 - 11e1 (2011) Standard test method for Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials. ASTM International Book of Standards, vol 03.01
ASTM G133 - 05(2010) Standard test method for linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding wear. ASTM International Book of Standards, vol 03.02
Sharma S, Sangal S, Mondal K (2013) On the optical microscopic method for the determination of ball-on-flat surface linearly reciprocating sliding wear volume. Wear 300(1–2):82–89
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by University of Johannesburg research council, University of Ilorin and the L’OREAL-UNESCO for Women in Science.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mahamood, R.M. (2018). Laser Metal Deposition of Titanium Alloy and Titanium Alloy Composite: Case Studies. In: Laser Metal Deposition Process of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials. Engineering Materials and Processes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64985-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64985-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64984-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64985-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)