Abstract
Communication is a complex adaptive system because the organisms that communicate are complex adaptive systems themselves. This seems tautologic, but since communication is all about the means of transmitting and receiving the message and about the message itself, in heavily involves the sender and the receiver in ways that other types of exchanges do not (such as the exchange of goods or services). The means by which the sender and the receiver get involved in the exchange are also information and this makes information exchange incorporate both information and meta-information, an epistemic and ontological relationship that is different for the exchange of goods and services.
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Berea, A. (2018). Heterogeneity and Subjectivism in Communication: From Trust and Reputation Mechanisms to Linguistic Norms and Collective Behavior. In: Emergence of Communication in Socio-Biological Networks. Computational Social Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64565-0_3
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