Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), consisting of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma , is considered the most common form of malignancy in humans. Melanoma is another major skin cancer, accounting for a small percentage of skin cancers, but is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Several players contribute in the pathogenesis of skin cancers, including genetics and epigenetics, various types of immune cells, and environmental risk factors. During recent years, some novel genes, numerous new therapeutic options, and also some new approved drugs associated with skin cancer have been introduced in the literature. Moreover, psychological care, which might be underestimated and remains unmet in case of many patients, is being emphasized of late. Considering the fact that skin cancer is a multifactorial condition that could be developed or influenced by genetic alterations, immune system alterations, and also environmental and lifestyle changes, it needs to be discussed from different points of view. In this chapter, all the mentioned factors were discussed both in case of NMSC and melanoma. After giving a clinical insight, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and the pathology of these conditions, recognized mutated genes as well as rare syndromes associated with NMSCs and melanoma have been discussed. Additionally, epigenetic factors (methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs) have also been introduced. Since immune responses are the determinants of outcome, the role of the most studied immune cells in skin cancer patients such as T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells have been discussed in detail. There is also some limited evidence of the contribution of autoimmune diseases and some viruses in the pathogenesis of skin cancer. Having an overview of the signaling pathways involved in skin cancer development and several clinical trials has led to the approval of some drugs belonging to various treatment strategies, including targeted therapy , immunotherapy , and the oncolytic viruses. These treatments seem to be potent enough to replace traditional non-surgical treatment options for skin cancer. Since patients with cancer not only need physical improvement but also psychological Interventions, the last section of this chapter covers the psychological issues in patients with skin cancer. Psychological outcomes, psychoneuroimmunology, and supportive cares for those who suffer from psychological problems are covered in this chapter.
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Abbreviations
- 5-FU:
-
5-fluorouracil
- AA:
-
Alopecia areata
- ACT:
-
Adoptive cell transfer
- AK:
-
Actinic keratosis
- ALA:
-
Δ-5-aminolevulinic acid
- ALM:
-
Acral lentiginous melanoma
- APCs:
-
Antigen-presenting cells
- BCC:
-
Basal cell carcinoma
- BCNS:
-
Basal cell nevus syndrome
- CM:
-
Cutaneous melanoma
- CMV:
-
Cytomegalovirus
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- CTLA-4:
-
T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DCs:
-
Dendritic cells
- DDEB:
-
Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
- DEB:
-
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
- EB:
-
Epidermolysis bullosa
- EBV:
-
Epstein–Barr virus
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EV:
-
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
- FAMMM:
-
Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma
- FAMMM-PC:
-
Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma-Pancreatic Cancer
- FDA:
-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FSD:
-
Ferguson-Smith disease
- GG-NER:
-
Global genome nucleotide excision repair
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HBV:
-
Hepatitis B virus
- Hh:
-
Hedgehog
- HHV8:
-
Human Herpesvirus 8
- HLA:
-
Human leukocyte antigen
- HPA:
-
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- HPV:
-
Human papillomavirus
- HSV:
-
Herpes simplex virus
- HWs:
-
Hispanic whites
- IDO:
-
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ:
-
Interferon-gamma
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- iNKT cells:
-
Natural killer T cells
- JEB:
-
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa
- KIR:
-
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
- KS:
-
Kaposi Sarcoma
- LAG-3:
-
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LMM:
-
Lentigo maligna melanoma
- MAL:
-
Methyl ester
- MAS:
-
Melanoma-Astrocytoma syndrome
- MBAITs:
-
BAP1-mutated intradermal tumors
- MCC:
-
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
- MCs:
-
Mast cells
- MIS:
-
Melanoma in situ
- miRNA:
-
MicroRNA
- MM:
-
Malignant melanoma
- MSSE:
-
Multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma
- NBCCs:
-
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappa-B
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NHWs:
-
Non-Hispanic whites
- NK cell:
-
Natural killer cell
- NKT cell:
-
Natural killer T cell
- NMSCs:
-
Non-melanoma skin cancers
- non-HS RDEB:
-
Autosomal recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, Non-Hallopeau-Siemens type
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- OCA:
-
Oculocutaneous albinism
- OTRs:
-
Organ transplant recipients
- PD-1:
-
Programmed death 1
- PDT:
-
Photodynamic therapy
- PFS:
-
Progression-free survival
- PGE2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- PUVA:
-
Psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
- RDEB-HS:
-
Autosomal recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, Hallopeau-Siemens type
- RT:
-
Radiation therapy
- SA:
-
Sympathetic axis
- SCC:
-
Squamous cell carcinoma
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- SLNB:
-
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
- SNPs:
-
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- SP:
-
Sub-stance P
- SSM:
-
Superficial spreading melanoma
- T4N5:
-
T4 endonuclease V
- TAMs:
-
Tumor-associated macrophages
- Tc:
-
Cytotoxic T-cell
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor-beta
- Th:
-
T helper
- TILs:
-
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM-3:
-
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- T-VEC:
-
Talimogene laherparepvec
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- UVR:
-
Ultraviolet radiation
- VDR:
-
Vitamin D receptor
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- XP:
-
Xeroderma pigmentosum
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Tavakolpour, S., Daneshpazhooh, M., Mahmoudi, H. (2017). Skin Cancer: Genetics, Immunology, Treatments, and Psychological Care. In: Mehdipour, P. (eds) Cancer Genetics and Psychotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64550-6_18
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