The Urban Political pp 123-143 | Cite as
Infrastructure, ‘Seeing Sanitation’ and the Urban Political in an Era of Late Neoliberalism
- 398 Downloads
Abstract
In an urbanizing world, the inequalities of infrastructure are increasingly politicized in ways that reconstitute the urban political. A key site here is the politicization of human waste. The centrality of sanitation to urban life means that its politicization is always more than just service delivery. It is vital to the production of the urban political itself. The ways in which sanitation is seen by different actors is a basis for understanding its relation to the political in an era of late neoliberalism. We chart Cape Town’s contemporary sanitation syndrome, its condition of crisis, and the remarkable politicization of toilets and human waste in the city’s townships and informal settlements in recent years. We identify three tactics—poolitical tactics—that politicize not just sanitation but Cape Town itself: poo protests, auditing and sabotage. We evaluate these tactics, consider what is at stake, and chart possibilities for a more just urban future.
Notes
Acknowledgements
The chapter is based on a revised paper: McFarlane, C. and Silver, J., 2017. The Poolitical City: “Seeing Sanitation” and Making the Urban Political in Cape Town. Antipode, 49(1), pp. 125–148. The authors would like to acknowledge Antipode in allowing the material to be used in this volume.
ᅟ
References
- Anderson, W. (1995). Excremental colonialism: Public health and the poetics of pollution. Critical Inquiry, 21(3), 640–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chenwi, L. (2013). Unpacking “progressive realization,” its relation to resources, minimum core and reasonableness, and some methodological considerations for assessing compliance. De Jure, 46(3), 742–769.Google Scholar
- Cole, J. (1987). Crossroads: The politics of reform and repression, 1976–1986. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
- Corbridge, S., Williams, G., Srivastava, M., & Véron, R. (2005). Seeing the state: Governance and governmentality in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davis, R. (2015). Cape Town vs civil society: How much is enough spending on water and toilets? Daily Maverick. Retrieved August 20, 2015, from http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-05-20-cape-town-vs-civil-society-how-much-is-enough-spending-on-water-and-toilets/#.VdZFOni4mnd
- Desai, A. (2002). We are the poor: Community struggles in post-apartheid South Africa. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
- Desai, A., & Pithouse, R. (2004). But we were thousands: Dispossession, resistance, repossession and repression in Mandela Park. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 39(4), 239–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Douglas, M. (2003). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Fanon, F. (1967). The wretched of the earth. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
- Featherstone, D. (2013). Black internationalism, subaltern cosmopolitanism, and the spatial politics of antifascism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(6), 1406–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R. B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford, J. M. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 42–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hart, G. (2014). Rethinking the South African crisis: Nationalism, populism, hegemony. Georgia: University of Georgia Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huchzermeyer, M. (2011). Cities with slums: From informal settlement eradication to a right to the city in Africa. Cape Town: UCT Press.Google Scholar
- Iveson, K. (2014). Building a city for “The People”: The politics of alliance-building in the Sydney Green Ban Movement. Antipode, 46(4), 992–1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jewitt, S. (2011). Geographies of shit: Spatial and temporal variations in attitudes towards human waste. Progress in Human Geography, 35(5), 608–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lester, N., Menguele, R., Karurui-Sebina, G., & Kruger, M. (2009). Township transformation timeline. Johannesburg: Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs.Google Scholar
- MacLeod, G., & McFarlane, C. (2014). Introduction: Grammars of urban injustice. Antipode, 46(4), 857–873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Magnusson, W. (2011). Politics of urbanism. Seeing like a city. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Mara, D. (2012). Sanitation: What’s the real problem? IDS Bulletin, 43(2), 86–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mbembe, A. (2015). Decolonizing knowledge and the question of the archive. Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://wiser.wits.ac.za/system/files/Achille%20Mbembe%20-%20Decolonizing%20Knowledge%20and%20the%20Question%20of%20the%20Archive.pdf
- McDonald, D. (2012). World city syndrome: Neoliberalism and inequality in Cape Town. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Mels, A., Castellano, D., Braadbaart, O., Veenstra, S., Dijkstra, I., Meulman, B., et al. (2009). Sanitation services for the informal settlements of Cape Town, South Africa. Desalination, 248(1), 330–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Merrifield, A. (2013). The politics of the encounter: Urban theory and protest under planetary urbanization. Georgia: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
- Merrifield, A. (2014). The new urban question. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
- Molotch, H., & Norén, L. (Eds.). (2010). Toilet: Public restrooms and the politics of sharing. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
- Nicholls, W. (2011). Cities and the unevenness of social movement space: The case of France’s immigrant rights movement. Environment and Planning A, 43(7), 1655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ngwane, T. (2003). Sparks in the township. New Left Review, 22, 37–56.Google Scholar
- Parnell, S., Beall, J., & Crankshaw, O. (2005). A matter of timing: African urbanisation and access to housing in Johannesburg. In D. Brycson & D. Potts (Eds.), African urban economies: Viability, vitality or vitiation? (pp. 229–251). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Pieterse, E., & Parnell, S. M. (2014). Africa’s Urban Revolution. Zed Books, London.Google Scholar
- Pithouse, R. (2008). A politics of the poor shack dwellers’ struggles in Durban. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 43(1), 63–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robins, S. (2014a). The 2011 toilet wars in South Africa: Justice and transition between the exceptional and the everyday after Apartheid. Development and Change, 45(3), 479–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robins, S. (2014b). Poo wars as matter out of place: ‘Toilets for Africa’ in Cape Town. Anthropology Today, 30(1), 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robins, S. (2014c). Slow activism in fast times: Reflections on the politics of media spectacles after Apartheid. Journal of Southern African Studies, 40(1), 91–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schnitzler, A. (2013). Traveling technologies: Infrastructure, ethical regimes, and the materiality of politics in South Africa. Cultural Anthropology, 28(4), 670–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Satterthwaite, D., MacGranahan, G., & Mitlin, D. (2005). Community-driven development for water and sanitation in urban areas: Its contribution to meeting the millennium development goal targets. London: IIED.Google Scholar
- Scott, J. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Social Justice Coalition. (2014). Our toilets are dirty: Report of the social audit into the janitorial service for communal flush toilets in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Retrieved August 12, 2015, from www.nu.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Social-Audit-report-final.pdf
- South African Human Rights Commission. (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108. Section 184 (3). Johannesburg: SAHRC.Google Scholar
- Swanson, M. (1977). The sanitation syndrome: Bubonic plague and urban native policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909. Journal of African History, 18, 387–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar