Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Perspectives on Existing and Potential New Alternatives to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and the Implications for Integrated Pest Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Wildlife

Part of the book series: Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology ((ETEP,volume 5))

Abstract

Rodents cause substantial amounts of damage and losses of foodstuffs around the world. They also spread many diseases to humans and livestock. While various methods are used to reduce damage and losses to rodents, rodenticides remain the most important tools for the control of small mammal pest species. However, like all tools, rodenticides have advantages and disadvantages. Several considerations are shaping the future of rodenticide use, including manufacturing and registration costs, concern about toxicity levels and non-target animal hazards, potential hazards to children, reduced effectiveness of some formulations, and humaneness to the targeted rodents. Many of these disadvantages apply to anticoagulant rodenticides and their use is being more restricted in numerous settings. This chapter discusses alternative control methods to anticoagulant rodenticides. These include acute rodenticides, fumigants, traps, exclusion, habitat management, repellents, fertility control, and encouraging natural predation. While there have been relatively few new developments in rodenticides and other rodent control methods in the last several decades, new formulations and active ingredients are being investigated so that these concerns can be addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed MS, Fiedler LA (2002) A comparison of four rodent control methods in Philippine experimental rice fields. Int Biodeter Biodegr 49:125–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angel A, Wanless RM, Cooper J (2009) Review of impacts of the introduced house mouse on islands in the Southern Ocean: are mice equivalent to rats? Biol Invasions 11:1743–1754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angulo E, Bárcena J (2007) Towards a unique and transmissible vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease for rabbit populations. Wildl Res 34:567–577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker RO, Bodman GR, Timm RM (1994) Rodent proof construction and exclusion methods. In: Hygnstrom SE, Timm RM, Larson GE (eds) Prevention and control of wildlife damage. Cooperative Extension Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, pp B-137–B-150

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker SE, Singleton GR, Smith RH (2007) The nature of the beast: using biological processes in vertebrate Pest management. In: Macdonald DW, Service K (eds) Key topics in conservation biology. Blackwell Publishing, London, UK, pp 173–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin R, Salmon T, Schmidt R, Timm R (2013) Wildlife pests of California agriculture: regional variability and subsequent impacts on management. Crop Prot 46:29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin R, Salmon T, Schmidt R, Timm R (2014) Perceived damage and areas of needed research for wildlife pests of California agriculture. Integr Zool 9:265–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin RA, Meinerz R, Witmer GW (2016) Cholecalciferol plus diphacinone baits for vole control: a novel approach to a historic problem. J Pest Sci 89:129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin R, Meinerz R, Witmer G (2017) Novel and current rodenticides for pocket gophers Thomomys spp.: what works? Pest Manag Sci. 73:118–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker SC, Singleton GR, Spratt DM (1991) Can the Nematode Capillaria Hepatica regulate abundance in wild house mice? Results of enclosure experiments in Southeastern Australia. Parasitology 103:439–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackie HM, MacKay JWB, Allen WJ, Smith DHV, Barrett B, Whyte BI, Murphy EC, Ross J, Shapiro L, Ogilvie S, Sam S, MacMorran D, Inder S, Eason CT (2014) Innovative developments for long-term mammalian pest control. Pest Manag Sci 70:345–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonsong P, Hongnark S, Suasa-ard K, Khoprasert Y, Promkerd P, Hamarit G, Nookarn P, Jakel T (1999) Rodent management in Thailand. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Leirs H, Zhang Z (eds) Ecologically-based management of rodent pests. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 338–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown PR, Davies MJ, Singleton GR, Croft JD (2004) Can farm-management practices reduce the impact of house mouse populations on crops in an irrigated farming system? Wildl Res 31:597–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckle A, Eason C (2015) Control methods: chemical. In: Buckle A, Smith R (eds) Rodent pests and their control, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 123–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckle AP, Smith RH (2015) Rodent pests and their control, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford, 422 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KJ, Beek J, Eason CT, Glen AS, Godwin J, Gould F, Holmes ND, Howald GR, Madden FM, Ponder JB, Threadgill DW, Wegmann AS, Baxter GS (2015) The next generation of rodent eradications: innovative technologies and tools to improve species specificity and increase their feasibility on islands. Biol Conserv 185:47–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capizzi D, Bertolini S, Mortelliti A (2014) Rating the rat: global patterns and research priorities in impacts and management of rodent pests. Mammal Rev 44:148–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caughley J, Bomford M, Parker B, Sinclair R, Griffiths J, Kelley D (1998) Managing vertebrate pests: rodents. Bureau of Resource Sciences and Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, 130 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan RM (1998) The efficacy of gluetraps against wild populations of house mice, Mus musculus. In: Baker RO, AC Crabb (eds) Proceedings of the 18th vertebrate pest conference, 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference, CostaMesa, 2–5 Mar 1998, pp 268–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan RM (2001) Rodent control: a practical guide for Pest management professionals. GIE Media, Cleveland, 355 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan P, Brown S (2015) Review of rodent monitoring and control methods as alternatives to glueboard traps. MPI technical/information paper no: 2015/15. Wellington, NZ

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan P, Brown S, Forrester G, Booth L, Crowell M (2015) Bird-repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests. Pest Manag Sci 71:1075–1081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croll D, Newton K, McKown M et al (2016) Passive recovery of an island bird community after rodent eradication. Biol Invasions 18:703–715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer CA, Mayer LP (2014) Sprague Dawley female rat consumption of a liquid bait cantaining vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and triptolide leads to subfertility. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 26th vertebrate pest conference, 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Waikoloa, 3–6 Mar 2014, pp 386–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Eason CT, Fagerstone KA, Eisemann JD, Humphrys S, O’Hare JR, Lapidge SJ (2010) A review of existing and potential new world and Australasian vertebrate pesticides with a rationale for linking use patterns to registration requirements. Int J Pest Manag 56(2):109–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisemann J, Swift C, Dunlevy P, Pitt W, Witmer G (2010) Regulatory and policy issues around non-target mortality and environmental fate of rodenticides. In: Timm RM, Fegerstone K (eds) Proceedings of the 24th vertebrate pest conference, 24th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Sacramento, 22–25 Feb 2010, pp 208–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerstone KA (2002) Professional use of pesticides in wildlife management – an overview of professional wildlife damage management. In: Timm RM, Schmidt RH (eds) Proceedings of the 20th vertebrate pest conference, 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Reno, 4–7 Mar 2002, pp 253–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerstone KA, Miller LA, Killian G, Yoder CA (2010) Review of issues concerning the use of reproductive inhibitors, with particular emphasis on resolving human-wildlife conflicts in North America. Integr Zool 1:15–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortier G, Bard N, Jansen M, Clay K (2000) Effects of tall fescue endophyte infection and population density on growth and reproduction in prairie voles. J Wildl Manag 64:122–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • German A (1985) Contact effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the suppression of reproduction in the Levant vole, (Microtus guentheri). Acta Zool Fenn 173:179–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Giusti GA, Whisson DA, Gorenzel WP (1996) Rodents and cover crops – a review. In: Timm RM, Crabb AC (eds) Proceedings of the 17th vertebrate pest conference, 17th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Rohnert Park, 5–7 Mar 1996, pp 59–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Haim A, Shanas U, Zisapel N, Gilboa A (2004) Rodent pest control:use of photoperiod manipulations as a tool. In: Feare C, Cowan D (eds) Advances in vertebrate pest management III. Finlander Verlag, Furth, pp 29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen SC, Stolter C, Jacob J (2015) The smell to repel: the effect of odors on the feeding behavior of female rodents. Crop Prot 78:270–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen SC, Stolter C, Jacob J (2016) Effect of plant secondary metabolites on feeding behavior of microtine and arvicoline rodent species. J Pest Sci 89(4):955–963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard WE (1988) Areas of further research. In: Prakash I (ed) Rodent pest management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 451–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard WE, Marsh RE, Corbett CW (1985) Raptor perches: their influence on crop protection. Acta Zool Fenn 173:191–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Howald G, Donlan CJ, Galvan JP, Russell JC, Parkes J, Samaniego A, Wang Y, Veitch D, Genovesi P, Pascal M, Sbaunders A, Tershy B (2007) Invasive rodent eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 21(5):1258–1268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JE (1991) Grazing and pocket gopher abundance in a California annual grassland. Southwest Nat 36:117–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hygnstrom SE, Timm RM, Larson GE (1994) Prevention and control of wildlife damage. University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, Lincoln

    Google Scholar 

  • International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA) (2006) Best management practices for trapping in the United States. IAFWA Furbearer Resources Technical Work Group, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • International Organization for Standardization (IOS) (1999a) Animal (mammal) traps: part 4: methods for testing killing trap systems used on land or underwater. IOS, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • International Organization for Standardization (IOS) (1999b) Animal (mammal) traps: part 5: methods for testing restraining trap systems used on land or underwater. IOS, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson M, Hartley S, Linklater W (2015) Better food-based baits and lures for invasive rats Rattus spp. and the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula: a bioassay on wild, free-ranging animals. J Pest Sci 89(2):479–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob J, Brown PR, Aplin KP, Singleton GR (2002) Ecologically-based management of pest rodents in rice-based agro-ecosystems in Southeast Asia. In: Timm RM, Schmidt RH (eds) Proceedings of the 20th vertebrate pest conference, 20th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Reno 4–7 Mar 2002, pp 67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob J, Rahmini J, Sudarmaji J (2006) The impact of imposed female sterility on field populations of ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer). Agric Ecosyst Environ 115:281–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn GC, Solieng M, Cox PG, Nel C (1999) Farmer participatory research on rat management in Cambodia. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Leirs H, Zhang Z (eds) Ecologically-based management of rodent pests. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 358–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Jojola SM, Witmer GW, Burke PW (2009) Evaluation of attractants to improve trapping success of nutria on Louisiana coastal marsh. J Wildl Manag 73(8):1414–1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khoprasert Y, Promkerd P, Ginting S, Jakel T (2008) Combination of biological rodent control using Sarcocystis singaporensis with anticoagulant rodenticides. In: Burton EN, Williams PV (eds) Crop protection research advances. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 145–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Corre M, Danckwerts D, Ringler D et al (2015) Seabird recovery and vegetation dynamics after Norway rateradication at Tromelin Island, western Indian Ocean. Biol Conserv 185:85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leirs H, Singleton G (2006) Parasites and pest population management. In: Morand S, Krasnov B, Poulin R (eds) Mammals and macroparasites: from evolutionary ecology to management. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp 565–591

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lossa G, Soulsbury C, Harris S (2007) Mammal trapping: a review of animal welfare standards of killing and restraining traps. Anim Welf 16:335–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald DW, Mathews F, Berdoy M (1999) The behaviour and ecology of Rattus norvegicus: from opportunism to kamikaze tendencies. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Leirs H, Zhang Z (eds) Ecologically-based management of rodent pests. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 49–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh RE (1988) Rodent problems on the North American continent. In: Prakash I (ed) Rodent pest management. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh RE, Koehler AE, Salmon TP (1990) Exclusionary methods and materials to protect plants from pest mammals – A review. In: Davis LR, Marsh RE (eds) Proceedings of the 14th vertebrate pest conference, 14th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Sacramento, 6–8 Mar 1990, pp 174–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason JR (1998) Mammal repellents: options and considerations for development. In: Baker RO, Crabb AC (eds) Proceedings of the 18th vertebrate pest conference, 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Costa Mesa, 2–5 Mar 1998, pp 325–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Massawe AW, Leirs H, Rwamugira WP, Makundi RH (2003) Effect of land preparation methods on spatial distribution of rodents in crop fields. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (eds) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 229–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayle B, Ferryman M, Peace A, Yoder C, Miller L, Cowan D (2013) The use of DiazaCon to limit fertility by reducing serum cholesterol in female grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis. Pest Manag Sci 69:414–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod SR, Saunders G, Twigg LE, Arthur AD, Ramsey D, Hinds LA (2007) Prospects for the future: is there a role for virally vectored immunocontraception in vertebrate pest management? Wildl Res 34:555–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller L, Johns B, Elias D (1998) Immunocontraception as a wildlife management tool: some perspectives. Wildl Soc Bull 26:237–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan DR, Arrow J, Smith MP (2013) Combining aspirin with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) – a potential new tool for controlling possum populations. PLoS One 8(8):e70683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser BW, Witmer GW (2000) The effects of elk and cattle foraging on the vegetation, birds, and small mammals of the Bridge Creek wildlife area, Oregon. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 45:151–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy E, Sjoberg T, Barun A, Aylett P, MacMorran D, Eason C (2014) Development of re-setting toxin delivery devices and long-life lures for rats. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 26th vertebrate pest conference, 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Waikoloa, 3–6 Mar 2014, pp 396–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash P, Furcolow CA, Bynum KS, Yoder CA, Miller LA, Johnston JJ (2007) 20, 25-Diazacholesterol as an oral contraceptive for black-tailed prairie dog population management. Hum Wildl Confl 1(1):60–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton K, McKown M, Wolf C et al (2016) Response of native species ten years after the rat eradication on Anacapa Island, California. J Fish Wildl Manag 7(1):72–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngowo V, Lodal J, Mulungu LS, Makundi RH, Massawe AW, Leirs H (2003) Evaluation of thiram and cinnamamide as potential repellents against maize-seed depredation by the Multimammate rat, (Mastomys natalensis), in Tanzania. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (eds) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 260–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Nogeire T, Lawler J, Schumaker N, Cypher B, Phhillips S (2015) Land use as a driver of patterns of rodenticide exposure in modeled kit fox populations. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133351

  • Nowak R (1999) Walker’s mammals of the world, vol II, 6th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1936 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguge N, Ndung’u D, Okemo P (1997) Effects of Neem Plant (Azadirachta Indica Juss, meliaceae) products on maize grain consumption by three common rodent pests in Kenya. In: Leirs H, Schockaert E (eds) Rodent biology and integrated pest management in Africa: Belgian journal of zoology. From the proceedings of the international workshop held in Morogoro (vol. 127, suppl. 1), the International Workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, Africa, 21–25 Oct 1996, pp 129–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojwang DO, Oguge NO (2003) Testing a biological control program for rodent management in a maize cropping system in Kenya. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (eds) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 251–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter JA, Mølbak K, Sonne-Hansen J, Barrett T, Wells JG, Tauxe RV (2004) Salmonella-based rodenticides and public health. Emerg Infect Dis 10(6):985–987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pech RP (2000). Biological control of vertebrate pests. In: Salmon TP, Crabb AC (eds) Proceedings of the 19th vertebrate pest conference, 19th Vertebrate Pest Conference, San Diego, 6–9 Mar 2000, pp 206–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelton MR, Fribourg HA, Laundre JW, Reynolds TW (1991) Preliminary assessment of small wild mammal populations in tall fescue habitats. Tenn Farm Home Sci 160:68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelz H (2003) Current approaches towards environmentally benign prevention of vole damage in Europe. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (eds) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 233–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelz H (2007) Spread of resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany. Int J Pest Manag 53(4):299–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters DH, Schumacher K, Schumacher RJ, Baigent DW (2014) Goodnature automatic traps for vertebrate pest control: field trials using new kill traps targeting animal pests in New Zealand. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 26th vertebrate pest conference, 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Waikoloa, 3–6 Mar 2014, pp 405–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt W, Driscoll L, Sugihara R (2011) Efficacy of rodenticide baits for the control of three invasive rodent species in Hawaii. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60:533–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt W, Berensten A, Shiels A, Volker S, Eisemann J, Wegmann A, Howald G (2015) Non-target species mortality and the measurement of brodifacoum rodenticide residues after a rat (Rattus rattus) eradication on Palmyra atoll, tropical Pacific. Biol Conserv 185:36–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash I (1988) Rodent pest management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 480 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Proulx G (1997) A northern pocketgopher (Thomomys talpoides) border control strategy: promising approach. Crop Prot 16:279–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proulx G (1999) Mammal trapping. Alpha Wildlife Research & Management, Sherwood Park, 231 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Proulx G (2014) On the misuse of pesticides to control northern pocket gophers and Richardson’s ground squirrels in agriculture and the pressing need for sustainable solutions. In: Holroyd GL, Trefry AJ, Crockett B (eds) Proceedings of the 10th prairie conservation and endangered species conference, Engaging People in Conservation, 10th Prairie Conservation and Endangered Species Conference, Red Deer, 19–22 Feb 2013, pp 134–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyzyna B, Cunningham L, Calloway E, Dyer C, Mayer L, Cowan D (2014) Liquid fertility management bait uptake by urban rats within New York City subway refuse rooms. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 26th vertebrate pest conference, 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Waikoloa, 3–6 Mar 2014, pp 375–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattner B, Horak K, Lazarus R, Eisenreich K, Meteyer C, Volker S, Campton C, Eisemann J, Johnston J (2012) Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio). Ecotoxicology 21:832–846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattner BA, Horak KE, Lazarus RS, Goldade DA, Johnston J (2014a) Toxicokinetics and coagulopathy threshold of the rodenticide diphacinone in eastern scheech-owls (Megascops asio). Environ Toxicol Chem 33(1):74–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattner BA, Lazarus RS, Elliott JE, Shore RF, van den Brink N (2014b) Adverse outcome pathway and risks of anticoagulant rodenticides to predatory wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 48:8422–8445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwood AJ, Smith LM, Lloyd ML, Hinds LA, Hardy CM, Shellam GR (2007) Prospects for virally vectored immunocontraception in the control of wild house mice (Mus domesticus). Wildl Res 34:530–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salatti C, Woolhouse A, Vandenbergh J (1995) The use of odors to induce avoidance behavior in pine voles. In: King M (ed) Proceedings of the 6th eastern wildlife damage control conference, the 6th Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference, Ashville, 3–6 Oct 1993, pp 149–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon TP, Marsh R, Stroud D (1987) Influence of burrow destruction on recolonization of California ground squirrels. Wildl Soc Bull 15:564–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeley RR, Reynolds TD (1989) Effect of indomethacin-treated wheat on a wild population of montane voles. Great Basin Nat 49:556–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield LM, Crait JR, Edge WD, Wang G (2001) Response of American kestrels and gray-tailed voles to vegetation height and supplemental perches. Can J Zool 79(3):380–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shumake SA, Kolz AL, Reidinger RF, Fall MW (1979) Evaluation of nonlethal electrical barriers for crop protection against rodent damage. In: Beck JR (ed) Vertebrate pest control and management materials, proceedings from the second symposium sponsored by American Society for Testing and Materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Singla N, Parshad VR, Singla LD (2003) Potential of (Trypanosoma evansi) as a biocide of rodent pests. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (eds) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management, ACIAR Monograph No. 96, Canberra, pp 43–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Sudarmaji, Suriapermana S (1998) An experimental field study to evaluate a trap-barrier system and fumigation for controlling the rice rat in rice crops in West Java. Crop Prot 17:55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Leirs H, Hinds LA, Zhang Z (1999) Ecologically-based management of rodent pests – re-evaluating our approach to an old problem. In: Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Leirs H, Zhang Z (eds) Ecologically-based management of rodent pests. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp 17–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Hinds LA, Krebs CJ, Spratt DM (2003) Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. Clarus Design, Canberra, 564 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Sudarmaji, Jacob J, Krebs CJ (2005) Integrated management to reduce rodent damage to lowland rice crops in Indonesia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:75–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Brown PR, Jacob J, Aplin KP, Sdarmaji (2007) Unwanted and unintended effects of culling: a case for ecologically-based rodent management. Integr Zool 2:247–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton GR, Belmain S, Brown P, Hardy B (eds) (2010) Rodent outbreaks: ecology and impacts. International Rice Institute, Los Banos, 289 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan TP, Klenner W (1993) Influences of diversionalry food on red squirrel populations and damage to crop trees in young lodgepole pine forests. Ecol Appl 3:708–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan TP, Crump DR, Sullivan DS (1988) Use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores IV: northern pocket gophers. J Chem Ecol 14:379–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suriapermana S (1998) An experimental field study to evaluate a trap-barrier system and fumigation for controlling the rice rat in rice crops in West Java. Crop Prot 17:55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timm R (1994) Active ingredients. In: Hygnstrom SE, Timm RM, Larson GE (eds) Prevention and control of wildlife damage, Cooperative Extension Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, pp G-23–G-61

    Google Scholar 

  • Timm RM (2003) Devices for vertebrate pest control: are they of value? In Fagerstone KA, Witmer GW (eds) Proceedings of the 10th wildlife damage management conference, The 10th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Hot Springs, 6–9 Apr 2003, pp 152–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyndale-Biscoe H, Hinds LA (2007) Introduction – virally vectored immunocontraception in Australia. Wildl Res 34(7):507–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton B, Gormley A (2015) Optimising the application of multiple-capture traps for invasive species management using spatial simulation. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120373

  • Werner SJ, Tupper SK, Pettit SE, Carlson JC, Linz GM (2011) Anthraquinone repellent to reduce take of non-target birds from zinc phosphide rodenticide applications. Appl Anim Behav Sci 135:146–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW (2005) Wildlife population monitoring: some practical considerations. Wildl Res 32:259–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G (2007) The ecology of vertebrate pests and integrated pest management (IMP). In: Kogan M, Jepson P (eds) Perspectives in ecological theory and integrated pest management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 393–410

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G (2011) Rodent population management at Kansas City International Airport. Hum Wildl Interact 5(2):269–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Borrowman D (2012) Effects of turf rolling and soil aeration on rodent populations. In Timm RM (ed) Proceedings of the 25th vertebrate pest conference, 25th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Monterey, 5–8 Mar 2012, pp 338–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Eisemann JD (2007) Rodenticide use in rodent management in the United States: an overview. In: Nolte DL, Arjo WM, Stalman D (eds) Proceedings of the 12th wildlife damage management conference, 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, 9–12 Apr 2007, pp 114–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Fantinato J (2003) Management of rodents at airports. In: Fagerstone KA, Witmer GW (eds) Proceedings of the 10th wildlife damage management conference, 10th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Hot Springs, 6–9 Apr 2003, pp 350–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Moulton RS (2014) Improving invasive house mice control and eradication strategies via more effective rodenticides. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 26th vertebrate pest conference, 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Waikoloa, 3–6 Mar 2014, pp 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Pitt W (2012) Invasive rodents in the United States: ecology, impacts, and management. In: Blanco J, Fernandes A (eds) Invasive species: threats, ecological impact and control methods. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 47–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Singleton G (2012) Sustained agriculture: the need to manage rodent damage. In: Triunveri A, Scalise D (eds) Rodents: habitat, pathology and environmental impact. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 145–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, VerCauteren KC (2001) Understanding vole problems in direct seeding – strategies for management. In: Veseth R (ed) Proceedings of the northwest direct seed cropping systems conference, Northwest Direct Seed Conference, Spokane, 17–19 Jan 2001, pp 104–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Fall MW, Fiedler LA (1995) Rodent control, research, and technology transfer. In: Bissonette J, Krausman P (eds) Integrating people and wildlife for a sustainable future, from the proceedings of the first international wildlife management congress. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, pp 693–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Hakim A, Moser B (2001) Investigations of methods to reduce damage by voles. Proc East Wildl Damage Control Conf 9:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Boyd F, Hillis-Starr Z (2007a) The successful eradication of introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island using diphacinone, followed by an irruption of house mice (Mus musculus). Wildl Res 34:108–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Eisemann JD, Howald G (2007b) The use of rodenticides for conservation efforts. In: Nolte DL, Arjo WM, Stalman D (eds) Proceedings of the 12th wildlife damage management conference, 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, 9–12 Apr 2007, pp 160–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Sayler R, Huggins D, Capelli J (2007c) Ecology and management of rodents in no-till agriculture in Washington, USA. Integr Zool 2:154–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Pipas M, Burke P, Rouse D, Dees D, Manci K (2008a) Raptor use of artificial perches at natural areas, City of Fort Collins, Colorado. Prairie Nat 40:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Gionfriddo J, Pipas M (2008b) Evaluation of physical barriers to prevent prairie dog colony expansion. Hum Wildl Confl 2(2):206–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Snow NP, Burke PW (2010) Potential attractants for detecting and removing invading Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus). Pest Manag Sci 66:412–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Horak K, Moulton R, Baldwin RA (2013) New rodenticides: an update on recent research trials. In: Armstrong JB, Gallagher GR (eds) Proceedings of the 15th wildlife damage management conference, 15th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Clemson, South Carolina, 25–27 Mar 2013, pp 79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Moulton RS, Baldwin RA (2014a) An efficacy test of cholecalciferol plus diphacinone rodenticide baits for California voles (Microtus californicus) to replace ineffective chlorophacinone baits. Int J Pest Manag 60(4):275–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer GW, Snow NP, Moulton RS (2014b) Responses by wild house mice (Mus musculus) to various stimuli in a novel environment. Appl Anim Behav Sci 159:99–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Moulton R (2016) Design of a low-maintenance, long-term bait station for rodent control. Proc Wildl Damage Manage Conf 16:21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer G, Raymond-Whish S, Moulton R, Pyzyna B, Calloway E, Dyer C, Mayer L, Hoyer P (2017) Compromised fertility in free feeding wild-caught Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a liquid bait containing 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide and triptolide. J Zoo Wildl Med 48(1):80–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ylönen H, Jacob J, Davies M, Singleton GR (2002) Predation risk and habitat selection of Australian house mice (Mus domesticus) during an incipient plague: desperate behaviour due to food depletion. Oikos 99:284–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder C, Miller L (2011) Effect of GonaCon vaccine on black-tailed prairie dogs: immune response and health effects. Vaccine 29:233–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Liu M, Li D, Wan X, Hinds LA, Wang Y, Zhang Z (2007) Anti-fertility effect of levonorgestrel and quinestrol in Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Integr Zool 2:260–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Gary W. Witmer

Authors
  1. Gary W. Witmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary W. Witmer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Nico W. van den Brink

  2. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Delta, British Columbia, Canada

    John E. Elliott

  3. Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdom

    Richard F. Shore

  4. U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

    Barnett A. Rattner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Witmer, G.W. (2018). Perspectives on Existing and Potential New Alternatives to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and the Implications for Integrated Pest Management. In: van den Brink, N., Elliott, J., Shore, R., Rattner, B. (eds) Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Wildlife. Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64377-9_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation