Abstract
This introductory chapter presents this volume’s objective: to provide a multidisciplinary analysis of Turkish cultural policies in a context of globalization and of the circulation of peoples, ideas, funds, models, and modes of action. Focusing on circulations, the book proposes a decentered approach to the transfer of cultural policies: it does not consider them in terms of imposition or importation from point A to point B (e.g. from Europe to Turkey) but in terms of coproduction and synchrony. It considers the circulations at the international, national, and local levels and the entanglement of scales. The chapter offers a review of the literature on Turkish cultural policy, followed by a presentation of its approach in terms of circulation and transfer, and an introduction to the other chapters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
- 1.
See cover of Newsweek’s international edition August 29, 2005: “Cool Istanbul. Europe’s hippest city might not need Europe after all”; “Istanbul rising”, Financial Times, Surveys ART1, p. 5, Saturday, February 27, 2010; “An art boom energizes Istanbul”, International Herald Tribune, Saturday, February 11, 2012, p. 18; “The Istanbul Art-Boom Bubble”, New York Times, p. MM 40, Sunday, February 12, 2012.
- 2.
Workshop “The making of cultural policies in Turkey. Circulations, territories, actors”. French institute of Anatolian Studies and Galatasaray University, April 16 and 17, 2015. This workshop was held as part of the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) “Matières à transfaire. Espaces-temps d’une globalisation (post-) ottoman” program (ANR-12-GLOB-003). It was jointly organized by the Department of Political Science at Galatasaray University and the French Institute of Anatolian Studies (Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes, IFEA).
- 3.
In late spring 2013, Turkey found itself in the international media spotlight after protesters occupied Gezi Park and Taksim Square in Istanbul on May 28, 2013 to demonstrate against a municipal development plan. These protests were violently repressed by the police, sparking demonstrations nationwide.
- 4.
Fethullah Gülen is a Turkish Muslim intellectual and preacher and the inspirational figure of the Gülen movement, also called the Hizmet movement (meaning “service”). He has set up a worldwide network of Turkish primary and secondary schools. Members of his movement are discreet and cultivate secrecy, and they have infiltrated the Turkish administration, particularly the police and judiciary. Gülen went into exile in the USA in 1999, and from 2002 to 2010 was an important ally of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s government. However, he suddenly started criticizing Erdoğan’s choices, in particular policies that were hostile to Israel and negotiations with Kurdish rebels. Relations became strained, and they were broken off in late 2013 in the wake of revelations about cases of corruption involving ministers and AKP officials. The Gülen movement was accused of being behind these revelations and of attempting to destabilize the government. It was declared to be a terrorist organization and the authorities embarked on severe repression of its members, seizing their financial assets and demanding that Fethullah Gülen be extradited from the USA. Gülen and his allies were said to be behind the attempted coup on July 15, 2016, justifying a new wave of arrests and dismissals of public-sector officials. http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2017/05/12/turquie-57-arrestations-au-cours-d-une-operation-contre-la-bourse-d-istanbul_5126597_3218.html?xtmc=turquie_arrestations&xtcr=3.
- 5.
See the Siyah Bant (black band) website listing various individual instances of artistic censorship in Turkey (www.siyahbant.org).
- 6.
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, “International Referendum Observation Mission. Republic of Turkey, Constitutional Referendum, 16 April 2017. Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions”. Available at: http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/turkey/303681.
- 7.
However, it needs to be pointed out that certain states still do not have a national cultural policy, though this does not prevent them from playing a role by providing tax incentives for supporting artists or by enabling other local public actors to do so, as is the case in the USA (see Martel 2006). It was not until the 1990s that all the European states had a culture ministry.
- 8.
See, for example, for the case of France, the Dictionnaire des politiques culturelles de la France depuis 1959 (de Waresquiel 2001).
- 9.
In this collection, see Katoğlu (2009), Ada and İnce (2009), Ada and İnce (2011), Ünsal (2011), Ertürk (2011), and the Cultural Policy and Management Yearbook (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012–2013, and 2014–2015). The Anadolu Kültür foundation has also published a number of works about cultural action (http://www.anadolukultur.org/).
- 10.
- 11.
These seminars received support from the French National Research Agency as part of the Matières à transfaire. Espaces-temps d’une globalisation (post-) ottoman research program (ANR-12-GLOB-003) [Trans-acting Matters: Areas and Eras of a (Post-)Ottoman Globalization]. http://transfaire.hypotheses.org/transacting. Accessed on June 1, 2017.
- 12.
See Lascoumes and Le Galès (2007).
- 13.
Arjun Appadurai defines locality in the following terms: “I view locality as primarily relational and contextual rather than as scalar or spatial. I see it as a complex phenomenological quality , constituted by a series of links between the sense of social immediacy, the technologies of interactivity, and the relativity of contexts” (Appadurai 1996: 178).
Bibliography
Abélès, M. 2008. Anthropologie de la globalisation. Paris: Payot, Rivages.
Ada, S., and A. İnce, eds. 2009. Introduction to Cultural Policy in Turkey. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
———, eds. 2011. Turkish Cultural Policy Report. A Civil Perspective. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Akrich, M., M. Callon, and B. Latour. 2006. Sociologie de la traduction Textes fondateurs. Paris: Les Presses de l’école des mines.
Aksoy, A., and B.Y. Seyben. 2015. Storm Over the State Cultural Institutions: New Cultural Policy Direction in Turkey. International Journal of Cultural Policy 21 (2): 183–199.
Altan, C. 2001. La narration visuelle d’une Nation. Nationalisme et peinture en Turquie à l’époque républicaine (1923–1997). PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris.
And, M. 1984. Atatürk and the Arts with Special Reference to Music and Theater. In Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, ed. Jacob M. Landau, 215–232. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Appadurai, A. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. 5th edn. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Araci, E. 2010. The Turkish Music Reform: From Late Ottoman Times to the Early Republic. In Turkey’s Engagement with Modernity Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century, ed. C. Kerslake, K. Öktem, and P. Robins, 336–345. Palgrave Macmillan.
Aymes, M. 2015. Qu’est-ce que le transfaire? http://transfaire.hypotheses.org/473
Aymes, M., and B. Gourisse. 2012. Matières à transfaire. Espaces-temps d’une globalisation (post-) ottomane, Document Scientifique ANR. http://transfaire.hypotheses.org/category/presentation-transfaire/descriptif-du-projet
Berk, L. 2004. Translation and Westernisation in Turkey. Istanbul: Ege.
Berry-Chikhaoui, I., A. Deboulet, and L. Roulleau-Berger, eds. 2007. Villes internationales. Entre tensions et réactions des habitants. Paris: La Découverte.
Birkiye, S.K. 2009. Changes in the Cultural Policies of Turkey and the AKP’s Impact on Social Engineering and Theatre. International Journal of Cultural Policy 15 (3): 261–274.
Bozdoğan, S. 2008. Art and Architecture in Modern Turkey: The Republican Period. In The Cambridge History of Turkey, ed. R. Kasaba, 419–471. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521620963.017.
Callon, M. 2006. Sociologie de l’acteur-réseau. In Sociologie de la traduction Textes fondateurs, ed. M. Akrich, M. Callon, and B. Latour, 267–276. Paris: Les Presses de l’école des mines.
Callon, M., and B. Latour. 1981. Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macrostructure Reality and How Sociologists Help Them to Do So. In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward and Integration of Micro and Macro-sociologies, ed. K. Knorr Cetina and A. Cicourel, 277–303. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Carney, J. 2014. Re-creating History and Recreating Publics: The Success and Failure of Recent Ottoman Costume Dramas in Turkish Media. European Journal of Turkish Studies 19. http://ejts.revues.org/5050. Accessed 22 Dec 2014.
Cultural Policy and Management Yearbook. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012–2013, 2014–2015.
Dubois, V. 2012. La politique culturelle. Genèse d’une catégorie d’intervention publique. Paris: Belin-Poche. (First Edition 1999).
Dumoulin, L., S. Saurugger. 2010/3. Les Policy Transfer Studies: Analyse Critique et Perspectives. Critique Internationale 48: 9–24. https://doi.org/10.3917/crii.048.0009.
Elias, N. 2014. L’usage des sons dans les montagnes pontiques (Turquie), PhD dissertation in Ethnomusicology, University of Paris 10.
———. 2016. This Is Not a Festival. Transhumance-Based Economies on Turkey’s Upland Pastures. Nomadic Peoples 20 (2): 265–286.
Erol, A. 2012. Music, Power and Symbolic Violence: The Turkish State’s Music Policies During the Early Republican Period. European Journal of Cultural Studies 15 (1): 35–52.
Ertürk, E. 2011. Local Cultural Policy Handbook. Steps, Tools and Case Studies. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
Girard, M., ed. 2014. Heritage Production in Turkey. Actors, Issues, and Scales. Part I. Producing an Official Heritage in a Time of Neo-Ottomanism: Critical Approaches. European Journal of Turkish Studies 19. http://ejts.revues.org/4930. Accessed Dec 2014.
———. 2015. Heritage Production in Turkey. Actors, Issues, and Scales. Part II “Alternative Heritages”, the Tribulations of Recognition. European Journal of Turkish Studies 20. http://ejts.revues.org/4933
Girişim, Kültür. 2001. Türkiye’de Kültür Politikaları. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
Göktürk, D., L. Soysal, and I. Tureli, eds. 2011. Orienting Istanbul. Cultural Capital of Europe? Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Hadjiisky, M., A.P. Leslie, and C. Walker, eds. 2017. Public Policy Transfer. Micro-Dynamics and Macro-Effects. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Jabbour, J. 2017. La Turquie. L’invention d’une diplomatie émergente. Paris: CNRS Editions.
Karaca, B. 2009. Governance of or Through Culture? Cultural Policy and the Politics of Culture in Europe. Focaal—Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 55: 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2009.550103.
———. 2010. The Art of Integration: Probing the Role of Cultural Policy in the Making of Europe. International Journal of Cultural Policy 16 (2): 121–137.
Katoğlu, M. 2009. The Institutionalization of High Art as a Public Service in the Republican Era. In Introduction to Cultural Policy in Turkey, ed. S. Ada and A. İnce, 27–86. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
Kaya, A., and A. Tecmen. 2011. The Role of Common Cultural Heritage in External Promotion of Modern Turkey, European Institute, Bilgi University, Working Paper No: 4 EU/4/2011. http://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2014/05/22/working-paper4_2.pdf.
Koglin, D. 2008. Marginality-A Key Concept to Understanding the Resurgence of Rebetiko in Turkey. Music and Politics II (1, Winter). https://doi.org/10.3998/mp.9460447.0002.102.
Köksal, D. 2004. Art and Power in Turkey. Culture, Aesthetics and Nationalism During the Single Party Era. New Perspectives on Turkey 31: 91–119.
Lascoumes, P., and P. Le Galès (dir.). 2004. Gouverner par les instruments. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Lascoumes, P., and S.P. Le Galès. 2007. Understanding Public Policy Through Its Instruments. From the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 20 (1, January): 1–21.
Latour, B. 2006. Changer de société, refaire de la sociologie. Paris: La Découverte.
Martel, F. 2006. De la culture en Amérique. Paris: Gallimard.
Molho, J. 2016. Les territoires du marché de l’art: le cas d’Istanbul, PhD dissertation, University of Angers.
Neyzi, L. 2002. Embodied Elders: Space and Subjectivity in the Music of Metin-Kemal Kahraman. Middle Eastern Studies 38 (1): 89–109. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11738242.pdf
Özgür, I. 2006. Arabesk Music in Turkey in the 1990s and Changes in National Demography, Politics, and Identity. Turkish Studies 7 (2): 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840600714616.
Öztürkmen, A. 1998. Türkiye’de folklor ve milliyetçilik. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Öztürkmen, A. 2012. Dancing Around Folklore: Constructing a National Culture in Turkey. In A Companion to Folklore, ed. R.F. Bendix and G. Hasan-Rokem, 305–324. Chichester and Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Wiley-Blackwell.
Polo, J.-F. 2015. The Istanbul Modern Art Museum: An Urban Regeneration Project? European Planning Studies 23 (8): 1511–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.819074.
Polo, J.-F., and F. Üstel. 2014. Les nouvelles orientations de la politique culturelle turque sous l’AKP: néo-libéralisme et néo-ottomanisme? Pôle Sud 41: 17–32.
Rautenberg, M. 2015. Postface. European Journal of Turkish Studies 20. http://ejts.revues.org/5106. Accessed 24 Aug 2017.
Saez, G., and J.-P. Saez, eds. 2012. Les nouveaux enjeux des politiques culturelles. Dynamiques européennes. Paris: La découverte.
Scalbert-Yücel, C. 2015. Repère culture: politiques culturelles et diversité de la scène artistique kurde en Turquie. Moyen-Orient 26 (avril-juin): 52–55.
Siyah bant. 2014a. Cultural Policy Effects on Freedom of the Arts in Turkey. https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/02/developments-cultural-policy-effects-freedom-arts-ankara/.
———. 2014b. Turkey: Artists Engaged in Kurdish Rights Struggle Face Limits on Free Expression. https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/02/freedom-of-expression-in-the-arts-and-censorship-in-kurdish-region-diyarbakir-batman/.
Stokes, M. 1992. The Arabesk Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thiesse, A.-M. 1999. La Création des Identités nationales. Europe, XIX°–XX° siècle. Paris: Seuil.
Ucan, A. 1987. Music Education in Turkey in the Republican Period. Turkish Review 2 (8): 75–98.
Ünsal, D. 2011. İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Sektörü. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Waresquiel, E. de, ed. 2001. Dictionnaire des politiques culturelles de la France depuis 1959. Paris: CNRS Editions-Larousse.
Yardımcı, S. 2005. Kentsel Değişim ve Festivalizm: Küreselleşen İstanbul’da Bienal. Istanbul: İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Girard, M., Polo, JF., Scalbert-Yücel, C. (2018). Introduction: Turkish Cultural Policies in a Global World—Circulations, Territories, and Actors. In: Girard, M., Polo, JF., Scalbert-Yücel, C. (eds) Turkish Cultural Policies in a Global World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63658-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63658-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63657-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63658-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)