Skip to main content
Book cover

Handbook of Disaster Research pp 431–446Cite as

Population/Community Displacement

Part of the Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research book series (HSSR)

Abstract

Population displacement, including protracted and chronic patterns of repeated displacement is a global phenomenon that is growing in scale, frequency and complexity. This chapter discusses root causes of displacement including pre- and post-disaster socioeconomic vulnerabilities, push-pull migration factors, and systemic political and governance fragilities. Also discussed are the implications of terminology used for displaced persons, and policy and planning solutions to address dilemmas that arise in both disaster-impacted and host communities and countries. A case study on Haiti is used to illustrate in more detail the transboundary impacts of the Haiti earthquake, the causes, consequences, and outcomes of displacement, and the responses by government, non-governmental, and diaspora organizations. Positive recovery trajectories of displaced persons in home and host communities will require sustained and coordinated policy initiatives by multiple actors and stakeholders, along with inclusive and participatory practices that involve displaced populations in decision-making.

Keywords

  • Population displacement
  • Transboundary impacts
  • Haiti earthquake
  • Policy frameworks

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_21
  • Chapter length: 16 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-319-63254-4
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Agency is used here to mean the freedom in choosing migration options and destinations.

References

  • Aldrich, D. P., & Crook, K. (2008). Strong civil society as a double-edged sword: Siting trailers in post-Katrina New Orleans. Political Research Quarterly, 61(3), 379–389.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bansak, K., Hainmueller, J., & Hangartner, D. (2016). How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers. Science, 354(6309), 217–222.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, F. L., & Peacock, W. G. (1987). Disasters and social change. In R. R. Dynes, B. Demarchi, & C. Pelanda (Eds.), The sociology of disasters (pp. 291–330). Milan: Franco Angeli Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher, J. C., & Bates, F. L. (1983). Aftermath of natural disasters: Coping through residential mobility. Disasters, 7(2), 118–128.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts, A. (2013). Survival migration: Failed governance and the crisis of displacement. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bissell, R. (2013). What is a catastrophe, and why is this important? In R. Bissell (Ed.), Preparedness and response for catastrophic disasters (pp. 1–26). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogard, W. C. (1988). Bringing social theory to hazards research: Conditions and conse-quences of the mitigation of environmental hazards. Sociological Perspectives, 31(2), 147–168.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bohle, H. G., Downing, T. E., & Watts, M. J. (1994). Climate change and social vulnerability: The sociology and geography of food insecurity. Global Environmental Change, 4, 37–48.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, R. C. (1986). Disaster impact and recovery: A comparison of black and white victims. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 4(1), 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolin, R., & Stanford, L. (1998). The Northridge earthquake: Vulnerability and disaster. New York, NY: Routledge.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, O. (2008). Migration and climate change. Switzerland: International Organization for Migration Research Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, O., & Crawford, A. (2006). Addressing land ownership after natural disasters: An agency survey. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang S.M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013). Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science 341(6151), doi:10.1126/science.1235367.

  • Button, G. V. (2009). Family resemblances between disasters and development-forced displacement. In A. Oliver-Smith (Ed.), Development & dispossession: The crisis of forced displacement and resettlement (pp. 255–274). Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, T., Twigg, J., & Rowell, J. (2004). Social vulnerability, sustainable livelihoods and disasters. Report to DFID Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Support Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castor, A. (2012). Opening remarks and welcome. In Conference Proceedings The Haitian Cadastral System; The Case of the Commune of Aquin: Revealing the Opportunities and Challenges Aldy Hotel, Aquin, Haiti, December 14, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cernea, M. (1997). The risks and reconstruction model for resettling displaced populations. World Development, 25(10), 1569–1587.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, R., & Elder, C. (1983). Participation in American politics: The dynamics of agenda-building (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comerio, M. C. (1998). Disaster hits home: New policy for urban housing recovery. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, J., Morris, T., & Refstie, H. (2012). Displacement in urban areas: New challenges, new partnerships. Disasters, 36(S1), S23–S42.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L. (2003). The vulnerability of science and the science of vulnerability. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(1), 1–12.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1), 1–22.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • De Wet, C. (2009). Does development displace ethics: The challenge of forced resettlement. In A. Oliver-Smith (Ed.), Development & dispossession: The crisis of forced displacement and resettlement (pp. 77–96). Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DesRoches, R., Comerio, M., Eberhard, M., Mooney, W., & Rix, G. J. (2011). Overview of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 27(S1), S1–S21.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, M. (1993). The social construction of people with AIDS: Target populations and U.S. policy 1981–1990. Policy Studies Review, 12(3/4), 3–29.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, M. (2001). Taking aim. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dow, K. (1992). Exploring differences in our common future(s): The meaning of vulnerability to global environmental change. Geoforum, 23(3), 417–436.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Dow, K., & Downing, T. E. (1995). Vulnerability research: Where things stand. Human Dimensions Quarterly, 1, 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, T. E. (1991). Vulnerability to hunger and coping with climate change in Africa. Global Environmental Change, 1(5), 365–380.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). (2010). The 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake: Emerging research needs and opportunities. Report from workshop held on September 30-October 1, 2010. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esnard, A.-M. (2017). Displacement, return and relocation: Housing and community recovery considerations. In A. Sapat & A.-M. Esnard (Eds.), Coming home after disaster: Multiple dimensions of housing recovery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esnard, A.-M., & Sapat, A. (2011). Disasters, diasporas and host communities: Insights in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake. Journal of Disaster Research, 6(3), 331–342.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Esnard, A.-M., & Sapat, A. (2014). Displaced by disaster: Recovery and resilience in a globalizing world. New York, NY: Routledge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esnard, A.-M., & Sapat, A. (2015). Vulnerabilities magnified: A closer look at disasters and displacement. In D. Downey (Ed.), Cities and disasters (pp. 201–216). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagen, P. (2006). Remittances in crisis: A Haiti case study. Humanitarian policy group: Overseas Development Institute, April 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagen, P., Dade, C., Maguire, R., Felix, K., Nicolas, D., Dathis, N. & Maher, K. (2009). Haitian diaspora associations and their investments in basic social services. Prepared for the Inter American Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, P. (2011). Haiti after the earthquake. New York, NY: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fatton, R. (2011). Haiti in the aftermath of the earthquake: The politics of catastrophe. Journal of Black Studies, 42(2), 158–185.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, S., Geisler, C., & Siberling, L. (2003). Moving targets: Displacement, impoverishment, and development. International Social Science Journal, 55(175), 7–13.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S. (2013). Haiti’s road to reconstruction blocked by land tenure disputes. Reuters online (January 26 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32(1), 89–110.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2015). Children of Katrina. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, C. W. (2009). The right to housing recovery after natural disasters. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 22, 169–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guadagno, L. (2014). A comment on your “Displaced by Disasters.” Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. Personal communication (December 15, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarnacci, U. (2012). Governance for sustainable reconstruction after disasters: Lessons from Nias. Indonesia. Environmental Development, 2(April), 73–85.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Herard, D. (2012). Disaster risk reduction and the action plan for national recovery and the development of Haiti. Florida International University Digital Commons.

    Google Scholar 

  • IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee). (2010). IASC Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons. In IASC framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons. The Brookings Institution. University of Bern. Project on Internal Displacement.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre). (2013). Global estimates 2012: People displaced by disasters. Geneva, Switzerland: IDMC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre). (2015a). Global estimates 2015: People displaced by disasters. Geneva, Switzerland: IDMC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center). (2015b). Understanding the root causes of displacement: Towards a comprehensive approach to prevention and solutions. Briefing paper (December 8, 2015). Geneva, Switzerland: IDMC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). (2012). World disasters report 2012, focus on forced migration and displacement. Geneva, Switzerland: IFRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). (2015). World disasters report 2015: Focus on local actors, the key to humanitarian effectiveness. Geneva, Switzerland: IFRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). (2016). What is vulnerability? Retrieved August 2016 from https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaster/what-is-vulnerability/.

  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). (2011). International migration law: Glossary on migration (2nd ed.). Retrieved August 2016 from http://www.epim.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/iom.pdf.

  • IOM (International Organization for Migration). (2016). Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Haiti - Hurricane Matthew response, November 2016. Retrieved December 2016 from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/dtm_hurricanematthew_report_rd1_eng.pdf.

  • Islam, M. R., & Hasan, M. (2016). Climate-induced human displacement: A case study of Cyclone Aila in the south-west coastal region of Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 81(2), 1051–1071.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Iuchi, K. (2015). Planning resettlement after disasters. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(4), 413–425.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kamel, N. M., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2004). Residential assistance and recovery following the Northridge earthquake. Urban Studies, 41(3), 533–562.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Climate change in the fertile crescent and implications of the recent syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 3241–3246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, B. (2012). The Haitian cadastral system—the case of the commune of Aquin: Revealing the opportunities and challenges In Conference Proceedings Background of cadaster, Aldy Hotel (December 14). Aquin, Haiti. http://www.hrdf.org/files/rapport-conference-cadastre-aquin-dec-14-2912-english.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  • King, T. (2005). Environmental displacement: Coordinating efforts to find solutions. Georgetown International Enviromental Law Review, 18, 543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. N., Esnard, A. M., & Sapat, A. (2007). Population displacement and housing dilemmas due to catastrophic disasters. Journal of Planning Literature, 22(1), 3–15.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lizarralde, G. (2014). Invisible houses: Rethinking and designing low-cost housing in developing countries. Florence: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado, J. Koppel et al. (2014). The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: Displacement, relocation and human Rights. In J. Koppel Maldonado, B. Colombi & R. Pandya (Eds.), Climate change and indigenous peoples in the United States (pp. 93–106). Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. T., La Grange, A., & Esnard, A.-M. (2017). Anticipating and overcoming regulatory and legal Barriers during rebuilding and resettlement. In A. Sapat & A.-M. Esnard (Eds.), Coming home after disaster: Multiple dimensions of housing recovery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. (2013). What is environmental migration and who are climate refugees. Retrieved August 2016 from: http://www.thegreenmarketoracle.com/2013/05/what-is-environmental-migration-and-who.html.

  • McLeman, R. A. (2014). Climate and human migration: Past experiences, future challenges. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeman, R. A., & Hunter, L. M. (2010). Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Insights from analogues. WIREs Climate Change, 1(3), 450–461.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M. A. (2013). Internal environmental displacement: A growing challenge to the United States welfare state. Onãti Socio-Legal Series, 3(2), 326–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. M., Esnard, A.-M., & Sapat, A. (2012). Hurricane events and the displacement process in the United States. Natural Hazards Review, 13(2), 150–161.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, E. J., Bell, H., Chang, B. B., & Henneberger, J. (2011). Looking for home after Katrina postdisaster housing policy and low-income survivors. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 31(3), 291–307.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M., & Ehrenfeucht, R. (2016). Moving to safety? Opportunities to reduce vulnerability through relocation and resettlement policy. In R. Brescia & J. T. Marshall (Eds.), How cities will save the world: Urban innovations in the face of population flows, climate change and economic equality (pp. 65–80). New York, NY: Routledge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newland, K. (2010). Voice after exit: Diaspora advocacy. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council). (2006). Facing hazards and disasters: Understanding human dimensions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver-Smith, A. (2005). Disasters and forced migration in the 21st century. Social Science Research Council. Retrieved August 2016 from http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Oliver-Smith/.

  • Oliver-Smith, A. (2012). Debating environmental migration: Society, nature and population displacement in climate change. Journal of International Development, 24(8), 1058–1070.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver-Smith, A. (2013). Catastrophes, mass displacement, and population resettlement. In R. Bissell (Ed.), Preparedness and response for catastrophic disasters (pp. 185–224). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver-Smith, A., & Sherbinin, A. D. (2014). Resettlement in the twenty-first century. Forced Migration Review, 45, 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olshansky, R. B., & Etienne, H. F. (2011). Setting the stage for long-term recovery in Haiti. Earthquake Spectra, 27, S463–S486.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, W. G., Van Zandt, S., Zhang, Y., & Highfield, W. (2014). Inequities in long-term housing recovery after disasters. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(4), 356–371.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Plyer, A. (2015). Facts for features: Katrina impact. The Data Center. http://www.datacenterresearch.org/data-resources/katrina/facts-for-impact/.

  • Quarantelli, E. (1982). General and particular observations on sheltering and housing in American disasters. Disasters, 6(4), 277–281.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A. (2017). The politics of recovery: Policy and governance challenges in post-disaster housing. In A. Sapat & A.-M. Esnard. (Eds.) 2017. Coming home after disaster: Multiple dimensions of housing recovery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A., & Esnard, A.-M. (2012). Displacement and disaster recovery: Transnational governance and sociolegal issues following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Journal of Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, 3(1), 1–24.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A., & Esnard, A.-M. (2013). Impacts of the 2010 Haiti earthquake disaster: Focus on legal dilemmas in South Florida. In S. Sterett (Ed.), Disaster and sociolegal studies. New Orleans LA: Quid Pro Books Contemporary Society Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A., & Esnard, A.-M. (2016). Learning from transboundary crises and disasters: The 2010 Haiti earthquake. In A. Farazmond (Ed.), Global cases in best and worst practice in crisis and emergency management: A case study textbook (Chap. 14 (pp. 237–258). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (In Press).

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A., & Esnard, A.-M. (Eds.). (2017). Coming home after disaster: Multiple dimension of housing recovery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapat, A., Li, Y., Mitchell, C., & Esnard, A.-M. (2011). Policy learning and policy change: Katrina, Ike and post-disaster housing. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 29(1), 26–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1993). Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. The American Political Science Review, 87(2), 334–347.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, M., & Morales, P. (Eds.). (2012). Tectonic shifts: Haiti since the earthquake. Sterling VA: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D. (2012). Disaster prevention key to stopping climate displacement. Geneva, CH: UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Retrieved from: http://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/disaster-prevention-key-stopping-climate-displacement.

  • Skinner, J. (2002). British constructions with constitutions: the formal and informal nature of “island” relations on Montserrat and Gibraltar. Social Identities, 8(2), 301–320.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. (1992). Environmental hazards: Assessing risk and reducing disaster. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. (2012). Planning for post-disaster recovery: A review of the United States disaster assistance framework. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G., Sandler, D., & Goralnik, M. (2013). Assessing state policy linking disaster recovery, smart growth, and resilience in Vermont following tropical storm irene. Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 15, 66–102.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, D. (2001). Policy paradox: The art of political decision making. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tata Institute of Social Science. (2005). The state of civil society in disaster response: An analysis of the Tamil Nadu tsunami. Bombay: Tata Institute of Social Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terminski, B. (2012). Environmental change and involuntary migration: General considerations. The Nigerian Voice, Retrieved May 2013 from http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/89080/1/environmental-change-and-involuntary-migration-gen.html.

  • Thomaz, D. (2013). Post-disaster Haitian migration. Forced Migration Review, 43, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR (United Nations Commission on Human Rights). (1998). Guiding principles on internal displacement. Geneva, Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR (United Nations Commission on Human Rights). (2015). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Senate. (2009). Far from home: Deficiencies in federal disaster housing assistance after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and recommendations for improvement. Senate Print 111–7 prepared by the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate, GPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zandt, S., & Rohe, W. M. (2011). The sustainability of low-income homeownership: The incidence of unexpected costs and needed repairs among low-income home buyers. Housing Policy Debate, 21(2), 317–341.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, L., & Peek, L. (Eds.). (2012). Displaced: Life in the Katrina diaspora. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmsen, B., & Webber, M. (2015). What can we learn from the practice of development-forced displacement and resettlement for organised resettlements in response to climate change? Geoforum, 58(1), 76–85.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wisner, B. (2016). Vulnerability as concept, model, metric and tool. Oxford research encyclopedia – Natural hazards science. Retrieved December 2016 from http://naturalhazardscience.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-25.

  • Wu, J. Y., & Lindell, M. K. (2004). Housing reconstruction after two major earthquakes: The 1994 Northridge earthquake in the United States and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Disasters, 28(1), 63–81.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Zanotti, L. (2010). Cacophonies of aid, failed state building and NGOs in Haiti: Setting the stage for disaster, envisioning the future. Third World Quarterly, 31(5), 755–771.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Zetter, R. (2011). Protecting environmentally displaced people: Developing the capacity of legal and normative frameworks. Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The material in this chapter is based on research which was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Grants (NSF Grants: CMMI-0726808; CMMI-1034667; and CMMI-1162438). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this chapter are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA

    Ann-Margaret Esnard

  2. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA

    Alka Sapat

Authors
  1. Ann-Margaret Esnard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alka Sapat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ann-Margaret Esnard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA

    Havidán Rodríguez

  2. University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA

    William Donner

  3. Core Faculty, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA

    Joseph E. Trainor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Esnard, AM., Sapat, A. (2018). Population/Community Displacement. In: Rodríguez, H., Donner, W., Trainor, J. (eds) Handbook of Disaster Research. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63253-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63254-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)