Abstract
Global environmental policy, particularly policy focused on tropical rainforest conservation, is primarily done through local and national policy and through international trade policy. Thus, policy matters, especially effective implementation of policy. Similarly, all politics are local and voting is critical, particularly in democracies. The author also notes that many countries have conflicting policies that create perverse incentives. It is also important to understand that there are two main legal systems, which are referred to as English common law and Napoleonic code (also referred to as civil law or Napoleonic law). The author then briefly presents an overview of various policies related to tropical rainforest conservation including local and state policies; federal policies; bilateral, multilateral, and regional policies; international policies; and company policies.
Notes
- 1.
Martin. On the Edge. 165.
- 2.
Martin. On the Edge. 187.
- 3.
Waldon, Dr. Jeff. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.
- 4.
University of California at Berkeley’s School of Law. “The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions.” Accessed April 5, 2017. https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html
- 5.
University of California at Berkeley’s School of Law. “The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions.” Accessed April 5, 2017. https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html
- 6.
Waldon, Dr. Jeff. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. March 2017.
- 7.
The Governors’ Climate & Forests Task Force. “About: Membership.” Accessed April 13, 2017. http://www.gcftaskforce.org/about
- 8.
The Governors’ Climate & Forests Task Force. “About: GCF Overview.” Accessed April 13, 2017. http://www.gcftaskforce.org/about
- 9.
State of Acre. “Unofficial Translation. State of Acre. Bill No. 2.308 of October 22. 2010.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.gcftaskforce.org/documents/Unofficial%20English%20Translation%20of%20Acre%20State%20Law%20on%20Environmental%20Services.pdf
- 10.
Zwick, Steve. “Brazil’s Rondônia State to Launch System of Payments for Ecosystem Services.” Ecosystem Marketplace. Last modified January 14, 2015. http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/brazils-rondonia-state-to-launch-system-of-payments-for-ecosystem-services/
- 11.
Zwick, Steve and Ciro Calderon. “The Difficult Birth of Brazil’s First “Green Municipality”.” February 9, 2016. Ecosystem Marketplace. Accessed April 10, 2017. http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/paragominas-the-green-revolution-that-almost-wasnt/
- 12.
Zwick, Steve and Ciro Calderon. “Brazil’s Green Municipalities: What Works? What Doesn’t? Why?” March 6, 2016. Ecosystem Marketplace. Accessed April 10, 2017. http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/brazils-green-municipalities-what-works-what-doesnt-why/
- 13.
California Environmental Protection Agency. “International Sector-Based Offset Credits.” Accessed December 7, 2016. https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/sectorbasedoffsets/sectorbasedoffsets.htm
- 14.
Ecosystem Marketplace. “State of Forest Carbon Finance 2016.” Accessed February 14, 2017. http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_5388.pdf. 8.
- 15.
The State of Acre, the State of Chiapas, and the State of California. “Memorandum of Understanding on Environmental Cooperation between the State of Acre of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the State of Chiapas of the United Mexican States, and the State of California of the United States of America.” http://www.gcftaskforce.org/documents/MOU_Acre_California_and_Chiapas.pdf
- 16.
Speth, James Gustave and Peter M. Haas. Global Environmental Governance. 30.
- 17.
Earth Innovation Institute. “Brazilian Agreement on Amazon Deforestation.” Accessed December 12, 2016. http://earthinnovation.org/our-work/case-studies/amazon-deforestation/
- 18.
Acre Climate Change and Regulation of Environmental Services Institute (IMC). “Jurisdictional, Subnational Program for Incentives for Environmental Services of Carbon of the State of Acre, Brazil—Acre ISA-Carbon Program.” VCS Project Database. Last modified December 15, 2014. http://www.vcsprojectdatabase.org/services/publicViewServices/downloadDocumentById/17710. 87.
- 19.
Elliott, Chris. “REDD+ Is a Little More Complex than ‘Not Cutting Down a Tree’.” In On the Edge, written by Claude Martin. Berkeley: Greystone Books, 2015. 241.
- 20.
Busch, Jonah, Kalifi Ferretti-Gallon, Jens Engelmann, Max Wright, Kemen G. Austin, Fred Stolle, Svetlana Turubanova, Peter V. Potapov, Belinda Margono, Matthew C. Hansen and Alessandro Baccini. “Reductions in Emissions from Deforestation from Indonesia’s Moratorium on New Oil Palm, Timber, and Logging Concessions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Accessed November 29, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321246/
- 21.
Meyer, Shannon. “Working with Landowners to Provide Ecosystem Services: Costa Rica’s Groundbreaking Experiment.” In Conservation Capital in the Americas, edited by James N. Levitt. Massachusetts: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010. 210.
- 22.
Eisenstadt, Keegan of ClearSky Climate Solutions. Interviewed by Brian McFarland. October 2016.
- 23.
Martin. On the Edge. 82.
- 24.
Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. “Illegal Logging.” Accessed December 12, 2016. http://www.agriculture.gov.au/forestry/policies/illegal-logging
- 25.
Martin. On the Edge. 79.
- 26.
The Government of Brazil and the Government of the United States of America. “Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the United States of America on Cooperation Regarding Climate Change.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.brazilcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/MOUonCooperationRegardingClimateChange-Mar032010.pdf
- 27.
UK Government. “Press Release: Norway, UK and USA Come Together to Pledge Approximately $280 Million to Sustain the World’s Forests.” Accessed December 12, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/norway-uk-and-usa-come-together-to-pledge-approximately-280-million-to-sustain-the-worlds-forests
- 28.
Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization—ACTO.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/politica-externa/integracao-regional/6351-amazon-cooperation-treaty-organization-acto
- 29.
Martin. On the Edge. 187.
- 30.
Martin. On the Edge. 190.
- 31.
World Wildlife Fund. “The Heart of Borneo Declaration.” Accessed November 28, 2016. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/about_borneo_forests/declaration.cfm
- 32.
Martin. On the Edge. 83.
- 33.
European Forest Institute. “EU FLEGT Facility: What is a Voluntary Partnership Agreement?” Accessed December 12, 2016. http://www.euflegt.efi.int/what-is-vpa
- 34.
Daily, Gretchen C. and Katherine Ellison. The New Economy of Nature. 7.
- 35.
Ginn. Investing in Nature. 182.
- 36.
UNFCCC. “Paris Agreement.” Accessed August 19, 2016. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf
- 37.
Environmental Finance. “18 Countries Sign Declaration on International Carbon Markets.” Accessed August 19, 2016. https://www.environmental-finance.com/content/news/18-countries-sign-declaration-on-international-carbon-markets.html
- 38.
FAO. 2016. The Agriculture Sectors in the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions: Analysis, by Strohmaier, R., Rioux, J., Seggel, A., Meybeck, A., Bernoux, M., Salvatore, M., Miranda, J. and Agostini, A. Environment and Natural Resources Management Working Paper No. 62. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5687e.pdf. xiv.
- 39.
Carbon Pulse. “Global CO2 Trade Volume Down 19% in 2015, Value Up 9% -Point Carbon.” Accessed August 19, 2016. http://carbon-pulse.com/14102/
- 40.
Green Climate Fund. “GCF Features.” Accessed April 4, 2017. http://www.greenclimate.fund/about-gcf/global-context#history
- 41.
New York Declaration on Forests. “About the NYDF Assessment.” Accessed December 12, 2016. http://forestdeclaration.org/about/
- 42.
Simons, Paul E. “Foreword.” In Conservation Capital in the Americas, edited by James N. Levitt. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010. X.
- 43.
Puma. “Environmental Profit and Loss Account.” Accessed February 9, 2017. http://about.puma.com/en/sustainability/environment/environmental-profit-and-loss-account
- 44.
Microsoft. “Internal Carbon Fee.” Accessed February 9, 2017. Available: http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/A/B/0AB2FDD7-BDD9-4E23-AF6B-9417A8691CF5/Microsoft%20Carbon%20Fee%20Impact.pdf
- 45.
Supply Change. “Profiles.” Accessed February 9, 2017. http://supply-change.org/profiles/
- 46.
Thoumi, Gabriel. “The Chain: Industry Report States Up To $900 Billion Revenue at Risk from Deforestation; Impacts Cost of Goods Sold.” Chain Reaction Research. Last modified January 9, 2017. https://chainreactionresearch.com/2017/01/09/the-chain-industry-report-states-up-to-900-billion-revenue-at-risk-from-deforestation-impacts-cost-of-goods-sold/
- 47.
Thoumi, Gabriel. “The Chain: Unilever Makes Produce & Protect Commitments, New Corporate Palm Oil Reporting Guidance Launched.” Chain Reaction Research. Last modified January 24, 2017. https://chainreactionresearch.com/2017/01/24/the-chain-unilever-makes-produce-protect-commitments-marks-spencer-supports-new-corporate-palm-oil-reporting-guidance/
- 48.
Martin. On the Edge. 124.
- 49.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. “Lacey Act.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/lacey-act.html
- 50.
Presidency of the Republic. “Law No. 4.771.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L4771.htm
- 51.
United Nations. “United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference).” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/humanenvironment
- 52.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/
- 53.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. “A History of the Endangered Species Act of 1973.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/esa-history.html
- 54.
CITES. “What is CITES?” Accessed November 29, 2016. https://cites.org/eng/disc/what.php
- 55.
Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization—ACTO.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/politica-externa/integracao-regional/6351-amazon-cooperation-treaty-organization-acto
- 56.
Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization. “Amazon Cooperation Treaty.” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://otca.info/portal/tratado-coop-amazonica.php?p=otca
- 57.
Meyer, Shannon. “Markets for Ecosystem Services and Reclaiming the Great Dismal Swamp.” In Conservation Capital in the Americas, edited by James N. Levitt. Massachusetts: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010. 210.
- 58.
Martin. On the Edge. 128.
- 59.
Columbia University. “Tropical Forestry Action Plan.” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-162/002-162.html
- 60.
World Commission on Environment and Development. “Our Common Future.” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf
- 61.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/1990-clean-air-act-amendment-summary
- 62.
United Nations. “UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992).” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html
- 63.
Martin. On the Edge. 181.
- 64.
United Nations. “Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD).” Accessed November 29, 2016. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/csd.html
- 65.
The Convention on Biological Diversity. “Introduction.” Accessed November 29, 2016. https://www.cbd.int/intro/
- 66.
Martin. On the Edge. 127.
- 67.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Kyoto Protocol.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
- 68.
United States Agency for International Development. “Financing Forest Conservation: An Overview of the Tropical Forest Conservation Act.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.usaid.gov/biodiversity/TFCA
- 69.
Convention on Biological Diversity. “The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://bch.cbd.int/protocol
- 70.
United Nations. “World Summit on Sustainable Development.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.un.org/events/wssd/summaries/envdevj1.htm
- 71.
Martin. On the Edge. 40.
- 72.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Kyoto Protocol.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
- 73.
European Union. “FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs).” Accessed November 29, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/flegt.htm
- 74.
California Environmental Protection Agency. “Assembly Bill 32 Overview.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm
- 75.
Elliott, Chris. “REDD+ Is a Little More Complex than ‘Not Cutting Down a Tree’.” In On the Edge, written by Claude Martin. Berkeley: Greystone Books, 2015. 235.
- 76.
Martin. On the Edge. 82.
- 77.
Elliot, Chris. “REDD+ Is a Little More Complex than ‘Not Cutting Down a Tree’.” In On the Edge, written by Claude Martin. Berkeley: Greystone Books, 2015. 241.
- 78.
Ibid.
- 79.
REDD Offset Working Group. “About ROW.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://stateredd.org/about-row/
- 80.
Busch, Jonah, Kalifi Ferretti-Gallon, Jens Engelmann, Max Wright, Kemen G. Austin, Fred Stolle, Svetlana Turubanova, Peter V. Potapov, Belinda Margono, Matthew C. Hansen and Alessandro Baccini. “Reductions in Emissions from Deforestation from Indonesia’s Moratorium on New Oil Palm, Timber, and Logging Concessions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Accessed November 29, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321246/
- 81.
Martin. On the Edge. 83.
- 82.
Presidency of the Republic. Civil House Cabinet Subcommittee for Legal Affairs. “Law No. 12.651.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12651.htm
- 83.
Machado, Frederico and Kate Anderson. “Brazil’s New Forest Code: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Supply Chains and Governments.” WWF Brazil. 2016. http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/wwf_brazils_new_forest_code_guide_1.pdf
- 84.
United Nations. “United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Rio+20.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20
- 85.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/
- 86.
United States Department of Agriculture. “The U.S. Forest Service—An Overview.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.fs.fed.us/documents/USFS_An_Overview_0106MJS.pdf
- 87.
Department of State’s Office of the Historian. “The League of Nations, 1920.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/league
- 88.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. “History of NRCS.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/history/
- 89.
International Institute of Tropical Forestry. “About the Institute.” Accessed November 30, 2016. http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/iitf/about
- 90.
World Bank Group. “World Bank Group Archivists’ Chronology 1944–2013.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/186241442500110286/PDF-World-Bank-Group-Archivists-Chronology-1944-2013.pdf
- 91.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “History.” November 23, 2016. http://www.fao.org/world-food-day/2016/history/en/
- 92.
United Nations. “History of the United Nations.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html
- 93.
Martin, On the Edge, 7.
- 94.
KfW. “KfW Turns 65.” Last modified November 11, 2013. https://www.kfw.de/KfW-Group/Newsroom/Aktuelles/Pressemitteilungen/Pressemitteilungen-Details_171713.html
- 95.
NASA. “History Home.” Accessed November 28, 2016. http://history.nasa.gov/
- 96.
Inter-American Development Bank. “History of the Inter-American Development Bank.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.iadb.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-inter-american-development-bank,5999.html
- 97.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. “History.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.oecd.org/about/history/
- 98.
United States Agency for International Development. “USAID History.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/usaid-history
- 99.
African Development Bank. “History.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/corporate-information/history/
- 100.
ONF International. “The ONF International Group.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.onfinternational.org/en/qui-sommes-nous/the-onf-international-group
- 101.
United Nations Development Programme. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/about_us/frequently_askedquestions.html#being
- 102.
INPE. “History.” Accessed November 28, 2016. http://www.inpe.br/ingles/institutional/about_inpe/history.php
- 103.
Asian Development Bank. “Origins.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.adb.org/about/history
- 104.
United Nations Environment Programme. “Milestones.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=287
- 105.
Myers. The Shrinking Ark. 246.
- 106.
International Fund for Agricultural Development. “Who We Are.” Accessed March 21, 2017. https://www.ifad.org/who/overview
- 107.
International Tropical Timber Organization. “About ITTO.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.itto.int/about_itto/
- 108.
National Agroforestry Center. “About the NAC.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://nac.unl.edu/#about
- 109.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. “History of the EBRD.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are/history-of-the-ebrd.html
- 110.
World Bank Group. “The World Bank Group’s Global Environment Facility Program.” Last modified May 21, 2014. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/gef
- 111.
World Trade Organization. “The Uruguay Round.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact5_e.htm
- 112.
World Trade Organization. “20th Anniversary of the WTO.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/20y_e/20y_e.htm
- 113.
UN Economic and Social Development. “UN Forum on Forests.” Accessed April 13, 2017. http://www.un.org/esa/forests/forum/index.html
- 114.
UN Millennium Project. “What They Are.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/
- 115.
Division for Sustainable Development. “Mission Statement.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/about
- 116.
Martin, On the Edge, 190.
- 117.
The World Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit. “BioCarbon Fund.” Accessed April 11, 2017. https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708
- 118.
COMIFAC. “Traité constitutif.” Accessed November 28, 2016. http://www.comifac.org/en/node/28
- 119.
World Wildlife Fund. “The Heart of Borneo Declaration.” Accessed November 28, 2016. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/about_borneo_forests/declaration.cfm
- 120.
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. “Real-Time Evaluation of Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative: Contribution to Measurement, Reporting and Verification.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.norad.no/globalassets/import-2162015-80434-am/www.norad.no-ny/filarkiv/vedlegg-til-publikasjoner/real-time-evaluation-of-norways-international-climate-and-forest-initiative-contribution-to-measurementreporting-and-verification.pdf
- 121.
The REDD Desk. “Forest Carbon Partnership Facility.” Accessed April 2, 2017. http://theredddesk.org/countries/actors/forest-carbon-partnership-facility
- 122.
UN-REDD Programme. “About the UN-REDD Programme.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.un-redd.org/
- 123.
Governors’ Climate & Forests Task Force. “GCF Overview.” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://www.gcftaskforce.org/about/gcf_overview/
- 124.
United States Agency for International Development. “Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (FCMC) Program: Semi-Annual Report (March–October 2011).” Accessed November 23, 2016. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JKG4.pdf
- 125.
GIZ. “REDD Early Movers.” Accessed November 23, 2016. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/33356.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McFarland, B.J. (2018). Global Environmental Policy. In: Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Policy and Regulation . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63236-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63236-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63235-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63236-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)