Skip to main content

Structures and Actors in Foreign Policy Making in Japan

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Japan’s Foreign Policy Making

Abstract

The first chapter describes the research problem undertaken in the monograph, theoretical and methodological framework, as well as overview of subsequent chapters. The aim of the book is to evaluate the impact of the institutional changes introduced by the 2001 central government reforms on foreign policy making in Japan. Influence of domestic-level variables is treated differently by various international relations theories. While neorealists and neoliberals tend to oversimplify reality for the sake of building a uniform structural theory, liberals tend to place an excessive emphasis on domestic sources of foreign policy without paying enough attention to external determinants. This volume advocates a balanced stance between the aforementioned schools, represented by neoclassical realism. The authors argue that while the central government reforms did little to eliminate sectional struggles within the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and internal divisions in ruling parties, they did, under certain conditions, facilitate overcoming the policy incoherence of prime minister’s closest entourage (Kantei). Institutional changes improved the head of government’s relative position vis-à-vis competitive foreign policy making venues, which resulted in a more independent Kantei-led diplomacy. The changed balance of power in foreign policy making is illustrated with nine case studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Berger, T. U. (1993). From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan’s Culture of Anti-militarism. International Security, 17(4), 119–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, T. U. (2007). The Pragmatic Liberalism of an Adaptive State. In T. U. Berger, M. M. Mochizuki, & J. Tsuchiyama (Eds.), Japan in International Politics. The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State (pp. 259–299). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, K. E. (1988). Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation: Explaining the Reactive State. World Politics, 40(4), 517–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoguchi, T., & Iwai, T. (1987). “Zoku Giin” no Kenkyū [A Study on “Parliamentary Tribes”]. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, P. J. (1996). Cultural Norms and National Security. Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawabe, I. (2002). Nihon Gaikō to Gaimushō [Japanese diplomacy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs]. Tokyo: Kōbunken.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keohane, R. O. (1998). International Institutions: Can Interdependence Work? Foreign Policy, 110(Spring), 82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, E. S., & Nyblade, B. (2005). “Presidentialization” in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan. British Journal of Political Science, 35(2), 357–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, Y. M. (2014). Nationalism and Power Politics in Japan’s Relations with China. A Neoclassical Realist Interpretation. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machidori, S. (2012). Shushō Seiji no Seido Bunseki. Gendai Nihon Seiji no Kenryoku Kiban Keisei [The Japanese premiership: An institutional analysis of the power relations]. Tokyo: Chikura Shobō.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics. International Organization, 51(4), 513–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgenthau, H. J. (2006). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (7th ed., revised by K. W. Thompson & W. D. Clinton). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nonaka, N., & Aoki, H. (2016). Seisaku Kaigi to Tōron Naki Kokkai. Kantei Shudō Taisei no Seiritsu to Kōtai Suru Jukugi [Policy councils and parliament without debates. Deliberation on establishment and demise of Kantei leadership system]. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun Shuppan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, J. S. (1976). Independence and Interdependence. Foreign Policy, 22(Spring), 130–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryū, K. (2006). Nihon Kanryōsei – Nihon-gata kara Westominsutā-gata e [Japanese Bureaucratic System – From Japanese to Westminster Style]. In M. Michio & K. Ikuo (Eds.), Nihon Seiji Hendō no 30 Nen [30 Years of Changes in Japanese Politics] (pp. 223–255). Tokyo: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, I. Z. (2015). Growing Pains: Neoclassical Realism and Japan’s Security Policy Emancipation. Contemporary Security Policy, 36(3), 498–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered Threats. Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda, T. (2005). Japan’s Cabinet Secretariat and Its Emergence as Core Executive. Asian Survey, 45(5), 800–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling-Folker, J. (1997). Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables. International Studies Quarterly, 41(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2000–2001). Security Seeking under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited. International Security, 25(3), 128–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terada, T., & Ong, B. (2011). Japan and Management of the Transatlantic Crisis: International Responses and Domestic Struggles. Contemporary Politics, 17(2), 201–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsebelis, G. (1995). Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism. British Journal of Political Science, 25(3), 289–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsebelis, G. (2002). Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wolferen, K. G. (1986/1987). The Japan Problem. Foreign Affairs, 65(2), 288–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltz, K. N. (1990). Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory. Journal of International Affairs, 44(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltz, K. N. (2001). Man, the State and War. A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of International Politics (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yakushiji, K. (2003). Gaimushō – Gaikō Kyōka e no Michi [Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Path Towards Strengthening Diplomacy]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, H. J. (2012). Domestic Hurdles for System-Driven Behavior: Neoclassical Realism and Missile Defense Policies in Japan and South Korea. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 12(2), 317–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria, F. (1997). From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zakowski, K., Bochorodycz, B., Socha, M. (2018). Structures and Actors in Foreign Policy Making in Japan. In: Japan’s Foreign Policy Making. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63094-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics