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The Plastic Brain pp 163–192Cite as

The Onset of the Fetal Respiratory Rhythm: An Emergent Property Triggered by Chemosensory Drive?

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1015))

Abstract

The mechanisms responsible for the onset of respiratory activity during fetal life are unknown. The onset of respiratory rhythm may be a consequence of the genetic program of each of the constituents of the respiratory network, so they start to interact and generate respiratory cycles when reaching a certain degree of maturation. Alternatively, generation of cycles might require the contribution of recently formed sensory inputs that will trigger oscillatory activity in the nascent respiratory neural network. If this hypothesis is true, then sensory input to the respiratory generator must be already formed and become functional before the onset of fetal respiration. In this review, we evaluate the timing of the onset of the respiratory rhythm in comparison to the appearance of receptors, neurotransmitter machinery, and afferent projections provided by two central chemoreceptive nuclei, the raphe and locus coeruleus nuclei.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

5-HT1AR:

Serotonin receptor 1A

5-HT2AR:

Serotonin receptor 2A

5-HT2BR:

Serotonin receptor 2B

5-HT4R:

Serotonin receptor 4

5-HT7R:

Serotonin receptor 7

5-HTergic:

Serotonergic

6-OH DA:

6-hydroxy dopamine

8-OH DPAT:

8-hydroxy-diproplaminotetralin

A5:

Noradrenergic neurons in pons region near A6

A6:

Noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus

ACh:

Acetylcholine

aCSF:

Artificial cerebrospinal fluid

AMPA:

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

Ascl1 :

Achaete-scute complex-like 1

Atoh1 :

Protein atonal homolog 1

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

CNO:

Clozapine-N-oxide

CNS:

Central nervous system

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DBH-SAP:

β-hydroxilase-saporin

Dbx1 :

Developing brain homeobox 1

DRC:

Dorsal ventral respiratory column

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglion

E:

Embryonic day

Egr2:

Early growth response 2

ePF:

Embryonic parafacial oscillator

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

Gata2:

GATA binding protein 2

Gata3:

GATA binding protein 3

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

H+ :

Protons

Hoxa2:

Homeobox protein Hox-2A

I CAN :

Calcium-activated non-specific cationic current

I h :

Hyperpolarization activated current

I NaP :

Persistent Na+ current

Lbx1:

Ladybird homeobox 1

LC:

Locus Coeruleus

LF:

Low frequency

Lmx1b :

LIM homeobox transcription factor 1β

Lmx1b f/f/p :

Lmx1b conditional knockout

MAO-A:

Monoamine oxidase A

Mash1:

Mammalian achaete scute homolog-1

NA:

Noradrenaline

NAergic:

Noradrenergic

NALCN:

Non-selective cationic cannel

NK1R:

Neurokinin 1 receptor

NTS:

Nucleus tractus solitaries

Pet-1 :

Pheochromocytoma 12 ETS factor-1

Pet-1 −/− :

Pheochromocytoma 12 ETS factor-1 knockout mice

Phox2a:

Paired-like homeobox 2a

Phox2b :

Paired-like homeobox 2b

preBötC:

Prebötzinger complex

RN:

Raphe nucleus

RPG:

Respiratory pattern generator

RTN/pFRG:

Retrotrapezoide nucleus/parafacial respiratory group

SERT:

Serotonin transporter

SNpc :

Substantia nigra pars compacta

SP:

Substance P

SSTR:

Somatostatin receptor

Tg8 :

Monoamine oxidase A deficient mice

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

TpOH:

Tryptophan hydroxylase

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

VRC:

Ventral respiratory column

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Acknowledgment

Grants Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) # 1171434 (JE), Beltran-Morgado Foundation for the Advancement and Communication of Neuroscience in Veracruz, Comisión Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICYT) #21120594 (S Beltrán-Castillo). DICYT-USACH (JE).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Sistemas Neurales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, PO 9170022, Santiago, Chile

    Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo PhD & Jaime Eugenín MD, PhD

  2. Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Campus Xalapa, Berlin 7, Fracc., Monte Magno Animas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Consuelo Morgado-Valle PhD

Authors
  1. Sebastián Beltrán-Castillo PhD
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  2. Consuelo Morgado-Valle PhD
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  3. Jaime Eugenín MD, PhD
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Consuelo Morgado-Valle PhD or Jaime Eugenín MD, PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Rommy von Bernhardi

  2. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Jaime Eugenín

  3. University of Miami, Miami, USA

    Kenneth J Muller

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Beltrán-Castillo, S., Morgado-Valle, C., Eugenín, J. (2017). The Onset of the Fetal Respiratory Rhythm: An Emergent Property Triggered by Chemosensory Drive?. In: von Bernhardi, R., Eugenín, J., Muller, K. (eds) The Plastic Brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1015. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_10

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