Abstract
No matter how elegant and beautiful a mathematical model is, it must be confronted with nature’s sovereign behavior in order for its true worth to be assessed. In this chapter, we use all publicly available genome reference sequences to evaluate the new parity rules.
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Notes
- 1.
Despite being wrong, Gamow’s diamond code is still remembered for its beauty!
- 2.
Of course, our new findings should be considered one example of such regularities, but because we still do not know if they are true (in the sense that actual DNA sequences actually satisfy them), we’re going to set them aside for a while.
- 3.
For the sake of argument, we are considering that \(\mathbb{F}(w) = \mathbb{F}(\mathscr{C}(\mathscr{R}(w)))\).
- 4.
Actually, we have performed the experiment using more than 60,000 organisms, as will be shown latter.
- 5.
And perhaps our most important one.
- 6.
GC-content (GC-ratio or G+C ratio) is defined as
$$\displaystyle{ \frac{\mathbb{F}(C) + \mathbb{F}(G)} {\mathbb{F}(A) + \mathbb{F}(T) + \mathbb{F}(C) + \mathbb{F}(G)}.}$$ - 7.
It is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that may cause meningitis.
- 8.
Probably the only anaerobic methanogen known to produce methane using all three metabolic pathways.
- 9.
Also known as Pneumococcus. It is recognized as a major cause of pneumonia.
- 10.
Of course, the exceptions were the \(\mathscr{C} \circ \mathscr{ R}\) operator fixed words: {AT, TA, CG, GC}.
- 11.
May be defined as a “change in gene expression without base sequence alteration” [82].
- 12.
Ord’s kangaroo rat. It is native to western North America.
- 13.
This is an intracellular protozoan parasite. It causes avian coccidiosis in chickens.
- 14.
According to the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, biologists used to believe that there was no relationship between the direction in which mutations occur and the direction that would lead to enhanced fitness (Random genetic variation); however, new data suggest that some phenotypic variants are more likely than others (non-random phenotypic variation). Similarly, it was taken for granted that acquired characters were not inherited (Genetic inheritance), yet new evidence imply that acquired characters can play evolutionary roles by biasing phenotypic variants subject to selection (Inclusive inheritance) [61].
- 15.
Also known as the God Particle.
- 16.
In other words, Higgs boson properties were not discovered through direct observation.
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Yamagishi, M.E.B. (2017). “In God We Trust; All Others, Bring Data”. In: Mathematical Grammar of Biology. SpringerBriefs in Mathematics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62689-5_4
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