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Africa and Russia: The Pursuit of Strengthened Relations in the Post-Cold War Era

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Abstract

Chapter 3 demystifies Russia’s engagement with the continent, an engagement that dates back to Russia’s support for national liberation struggles in countries such as Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The Soviet Union was also the provider and supplier of military equipment during these liberation struggles. The Soviet Union/Russia has always traded with African countries in the form of arms deals and other military equipment. The chapter further discusses the intrinsic nature of real neglect by the Soviets at the end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet Union, with Russia being unable to continue its engagement with the continent because of its weakened economy with very little meaning for future engagements with the continent.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Much of the discussion in this section is based on Omaduore Rosaline Daniel, “Assessing Changing Relations Between the Russian Federation and South Africa Since the End of the Cold War”, Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015.

  2. 2.

    World Bank, “Russian Federation”, http://data.worldbank.org/country/russian-federation; Central Bank of the Russian Federation, “International Reserves of the Russian Federation”, http://cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/default.aspx?Prtid=mrrf_m

  3. 3.

    World Bank, “Russian Federation—Country at a Glance”, http://data.worldbank.org/country/russian-federation. According to Russian official statistics, the population (including Crimea) was 147,000,000 on 1 January 2016; see http://www.statdata.ru/russia

  4. 4.

    British Petroleum, “Russia”, http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/country-and-regional-insights/russia.html

  5. 5.

    “Africa Population 2017”, http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/africa-population/

  6. 6.

    Constitution of the Russian Federation, http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm

  7. 7.

    Constitution of the Russian Federation.

  8. 8.

    Constitution of the Russian Federation.

  9. 9.

    See Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Department of Asia and Africa, http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/about/structure/depAsiaAfrica

  10. 10.

    See http://minpromtorg.gov.ru/ministry/dep/#!6&click_tab_vp_ind=1

  11. 11.

    Russian Federation, “Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation”, 30 November 2016, http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/2542248

  12. 12.

    Russian Federation, “Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation”.

  13. 13.

    Russian Ministry of Justice, “List of Registered Political Parties” (in Russian), http://minjust.ru/ru/nko/gosreg/partii/spisok

  14. 14.

    A. Dynkin (ed.), Mirovaya Ekonomika: Prognoz do 2020 g (World Economy: Forecast Until 2020) (2008), p. 84.

  15. 15.

    The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, “Russia in the International Relations System”, http://www.mid.ru/ru/maps

  16. 16.

    See Guinée Emergence, “Vladmir Putin-Alpha Condé: A Friendship in the Interest of the People of Guinea and Russia” (in French), 22 June 2016, http://guineeemergence.com/2016/06/22/vladmir-poutine-alpha-conde-une-amitie-au-service-des-populations-guineo-russes/

  17. 17.

    Russian Federation, “Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation”.

  18. 18.

    Russian Federation, “Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation”.

  19. 19.

    “Decree No. 683 of 31 December 2015 by the President of the Russian Federation ‘On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation’” (in Russian), Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 31 December 2015, https://rg.ru/2015/12/31/nac-bezopasnost-site-dok.html

  20. 20.

    “Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Activity of the Russian Federation in 2015” (in Russian), 26 April 2016, http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2255624

  21. 21.

    “Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Activity of the Russian Federation”.

  22. 22.

    “Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Activity of the Russian Federation”.

  23. 23.

    See for example comments on the 2013 BRICS Durban summit, https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/brics-signals-end-of-unipolar-world

  24. 24.

    “Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Activity of the Russian Federation”.

  25. 25.

    “Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Activity of the Russian Federation”.

  26. 26.

    “Russia’s Role in the Solution of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Problems” (in Russian), http://www.mid.ru/ru/rol-rossii-v-resenii-problem-afriki-k-ugu-ot-sahary-

  27. 27.

    “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Remarks at a Reception Devoted to Africa Day”, Moscow, 30 May 2016, http://www.mid.ru/en/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/2297507

  28. 28.

    “Work Begins on $3 Billion Darwendale Platinum Project”, 9 February 2015, http://www.chronicle.co.zw/work-begins-on-3-billion-darwendale-platinum-project/

  29. 29.

    African Development Bank Group, “Chief Economist Complex”, African Economic Brief: Russia’s Economic Engagement with Africa 2(7) (11 May 2011), p. 3.

  30. 30.

    “ANGOSAT-1 Overcomes Difficulties in Communication—Minister”, allAfrica, 14 October 2015, http://allafrica.com/stories/201510150132.html

  31. 31.

    E. Korendyasov, “Russian-African Relations: A New Start”, VestnkRUDN, International Relations 2 (2016), p. 207.

  32. 32.

    Polit Russia, “Obama Becomes a Stranger in Africa” (in Russian), 30 July 2015, http://politrussia.com/world/chernokozhiy-prezident-ne-848

  33. 33.

    Centre for Conflict Resolution, “Concept Note for a Policy Research Seminar on Africa and External Actors”, 20 August 2016, p. 4.

  34. 34.

    Communication, E. Korendyasov to V. Shubin, 10 August 2016. Retired Ambassador Evgeny Korendyasov is Head of the Centre for Russian-African Relations Studies and External Policy of African Countries at the Institute for African Studies.

  35. 35.

    “Russia Slashes African Debt and Increases Aid”, 18 October 2012, http://rt.com/business/russia-africa-debt-writeoff-705

  36. 36.

    “Environmentalists: South Africa Did Sign Nuclear Deal with Russia”, 30 March 2016, http://www.polity.org.za/article/environmentalists-south-africa-did-sign-nuclear-deal-with-russia-2016-03-30. See also “Exposed: Scary Details of SA’s Secret Russian Nuke Deal”, 13 February 2015, http://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-12-exposed-scary-details-of-secret-russian-nuke-deal; and “The Risks Attached to South Africa’s Nuclear Energy Strategy”, 19 August 2015, https://theconversation.com/the-risks-attached-to-south-africas-nuclear-energy-strategy-46111

  37. 37.

    EKSAR, Profile of Activity” (in Russian), http://www.exiar.ru/about/profile

  38. 38.

    See http://www.exportcenter.ru/company

  39. 39.

    Afrokom, Africom: Goals and Mission” (in Russian), http://www.afrocom.ru/committee/about

  40. 40.

    Padraig Carmody, “Russia in Africa”, in Ian Taylor (ed.), Africa Rising? BRICS—Diversifying Dependency (Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY: James Currey, 2014), pp. 70–1. See also “17 March 2016 African Business Initiative”, 31 March 2016, http://www.inafran.ru/node/1102

  41. 41.

    Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “World Military Spending Resumes Upward Course, Says SIPRI”, 5 April 2016, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2016/world-military-spending-resumes-upward-course-says-sipri. The USA was the biggest military spender in 2015 at $596 billion, followed by China at $215 billion, and Saudi Arabia at $87 billion.

  42. 42.

    Vladimir Putin, “Meeting of the Commission for Military Technology Cooperation with Foreign States”, 8 July 2016, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/councils/by-council/1/52493

  43. 43.

    Kester Kenn Klomegah, “Surfing Russia’s Military Cooperation with Angola”, Pambazuka News, 30 October 2013, http://www.pambazuka.org/global-south/surfing-russia%E2%80%99s-military-cooperation-angola

  44. 44.

    Paul Holtom, “Russia”, in Olawale Ismail and Elisabeth Sköns (eds), Security Activities of External Actors in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 61.

  45. 45.

    Karen Saunders, “Russia’s Engagement in Africa”, Jewish Policy Center (2014), http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2013/12/31/russia-africa. See also “Russia Will Supply Angola with $1 Billion in Weapons”, Rostec, 16 October 2013, http://rostec.ru/en/news/3266

  46. 46.

    Ben Agande, “1,200 Nigerian Security Personnel Leave for Russia”, Vanguard, 27 September 2014, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/terrorism-1200-nigerian-security-personnel-leave-russia

  47. 47.

    “Russian Arms to Aid Cameroon’s Fight Against Boko Haram”, Moscow Times, 20 January 2015, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/russian-arms-to-aid-cameroons-fight-against-boko-haram-43056

  48. 48.

    KamailoudiniTagba, “Morocco, Russia Boosting Anti-Terrorism Cooperation”, North Africa Post, 5 April 2016, http://northafricapost.com/11635-morocco-russia-boosting-anti-terrorism-cooperation.html

  49. 49.

    John C.K. Daly, “Russia Seeks to Boost Arms Exports in 2015, Despite Western Sanctions”, Eurasia Daily Monitor 12(25) (9 February 2015), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43522&cHash=d458a246e1004bf56f516cb28db47f3d#.V6nMQqLv9tU

  50. 50.

    “SA/Russian Military Relations Cemented During Ministerial Moscow Visit”, DefenceWeb, 29 April 2016, http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43304&catid=74&Itemid=30

  51. 51.

    Russian Ministry of Defence, “Countries Participating in the International Army Games2016”, http://eng.armygames2016.mil.ru/page196793.html. See also “Russian Defence Minister General of the Army Sergei Shoigu Has Opened the International Army Games 2016”, 30 July 2016, http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12091231@egNews

  52. 52.

    Tatiana Deich, “BRICS: A New Actor in Global Security”, Russian International Affairs Council, 9 December 2013, http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=2813#top-content

  53. 53.

    J. Peter Pham, “Russia’s Return to Africa”, Atlantic Council, 13 March 2014, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/articles/russia-s-return-to-africa; Holtom, “Russia”, p. 78; Russian Ministry of Defence, “Russia’s Participation in Peacekeeping Operations”, http://eng.mil.ru/en/mission/peacekeeping_operations.htm

  54. 54.

    Much of the discussion in this section is based on Daniel, “Assessing Changing Relations”. See also Olga Oliker, “Unpacking Russia’s New National Security Strategy”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 January 2016, https://www.csis.org/analysis/unpacking-russias-new-national-security-strategy; “Russia’s National Security Strategy for 2016 in 9 Key Points”, 31 December 2015, https://www.rt.com/news/327608-russia-national-security-strategy. The previous version of the national security strategy was adopted in May 2009.

  55. 55.

    “Russia, China to Help Create African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises”, TASS, 9 December 2014, http://tass.ru/en/world/766003. Intended originally to be operational by 2010, the establishment of the ASF has been postponed several times.

  56. 56.

    “South Africa’s Zuma to Meet Putin in Sochi May 16”, TASS, 14 May 2013, http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/693455

  57. 57.

    “BRICS Summit Ends Its Work on Wednesday”, TASS, 16 July 2014, http://tass.ru/en/economy/740795

  58. 58.

    BRICS Post, “BRICS Bank Announces First Set of Loans”, 16 April 2016, http://thebricspost.com/brics-bank-announces-first-set-of-loans/#.V63K5aLv9tU. The NDB is lending $300 million to Brazil, $81 million to China, $250 million to India, and $180 million to South Africa.

  59. 59.

    Vladimir Putin, “Foreign Policy: Russia and the Changing World”, Valdai Discussion Club, 27 February 2012, http://valdaiclub.com/politics/39300.html

  60. 60.

    Vladimir Shubin, “Russia and Africa: Moving in the Right Direction?”, in Ian Taylor and Paul Williams (eds), Africa in International Politics: External Involvement on the Continent (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 113.

  61. 61.

    The Resolution on the “Territorial integrity of Ukraine” dated 24 March 2014 (draft A/68/L.39) was adopted at the 68th 193-member UN General Assembly on 27 March 2014.

  62. 62.

    Putin, “Foreign Policy”.

  63. 63.

    See, SABC, “Postponing Kathrada’s Memorial Was Petty and Spiteful: Gordhan”, 1 April 2017, http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/1567d800409f250cbde0ffae345a5fb2/PostponingundefinedKathrada%E2%80%99sundefinedmemorialundefinedwasundefinedpettyundefinedandundefinedspiteful:Gordhan-20170104 and IOL, “Gordhan Said to Have Spooked Russian Connection on Nuclear Deal”, http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/gordhan-said-to-have-spooked-russian-connection-on-nuclear-deal-8459357

  64. 64.

    The Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation, “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Remarks at a Reception Devoted to Africa Day, Moscow, May 30, 2016”, 30 May 2016, http://www.mid.ru/en/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/2297507

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Daniel, R., Shubin, V. (2018). Africa and Russia: The Pursuit of Strengthened Relations in the Post-Cold War Era. In: Nagar, D., Mutasa, C. (eds) Africa and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4_3

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