Abstract
This work analyzes the dynamics of the reconfiguration of the geopolitical oil map in South America, in the context of the end of the golden commodities decade. For this purpose, we will identify the power relations and the conflicts generated, in and among, the different scales of spatial analysis: global, governmental, and regional; this analysis will show the limits of post-neoliberal energy integration, facing a crossroads today. The end of the progressive and post-neoliberal era, that characterized the South American politics and economy during the first decade of the twenty-first century, brought profound changes of how the regional area was perceived, and thus its regionalization processes. Oil and gas have played a fundamental role in the regional integration proposals since the past century. The energetic integration of the region has been a central part of the agenda of South American and LA integration since the 90s, occupying a central position in the proposal of hemispherical integration driven by the FTAA, as well as in the proposals of post-neoliberal integration in the first decade and a half of the twenty-first century.
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Notes
- 1.
Renamed as Belt by Hugo Chávez in February 2014 by President Nicolás Maduro (Reuters, 18 February 2014).
- 2.
This is the case in Argentina and Brazil; changes are expected in Venezuela and probably in Ecuador.
- 3.
The IEA is the cartel of the oil importer countries. As a result of the two oil conflicts, the countries of the IEA implemented a strategic re-service that would enable them to combat price wars driven by the OPEC countries and to face sudden shortages.
- 4.
The WB launched its “Energy Strategy” in 1992, focused on private investment, commercial orientation of state-owned companies, and new regulatory frameworks (Arelovich 2012: 18).
- 5.
In the project portfolio of IIRSA, there are projects, such as the extension of the oil pipeline in Northern Peru, the gas pipeline in Northeastern Argentina, the gas pipeline of URAPABOL trache 1 and 2, and the gas pipeline Brazilian Aldea (Argentina) – Uruguaiana – Brazil, bordering US$5 billion (IIRSA, n/s).
- 6.
The “Council” was formed during the 1st Energy Summit on Isla Margarita, Venezuela in 2007. Data available on the official UNASUR website. http://www.unasursg.org/es/node/251
- 7.
In this context, we refer to the failure of highly important constructions such as the gas pipelines of the South, prompted by the Petroamerica Initiative.
- 8.
The greatest achievements were obtained in the area of Petrocaribe, where a scheme for oil cooperation was established, for food that would alleviated the energy bill of the Caribbean countries for almost a decade.
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Reyes, C.V. (2018). Energy Integration in South America and Global Geopolitics. In: Vivares, E. (eds) Regionalism, Development and the Post-Commodities Boom in South America. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62551-5_7
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