Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carbonaceous π-conjugated/Polymeric Materials Towards Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysts

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nanocomposites for Visible Light-induced Photocatalysis

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials ((SSPCM))

Abstract

The carbonaceous π-conjugated/polymeric materials have been emerging as suitable materials to synthesize nanocomposites because of their attractive nanoporous structure, controllable surface chemistry, mechanical strength and favourable interactions with the semiconducting materials. The photocatalytic performances of the traditional polymeric materials are generally poor. Their performances can be greatly improved by coupling with a host semiconducting material. This is mainly due to their unique crystal structure, stability, high conductivities, nature of formation, efficient catalytic activity, promising electrochemical and optical properties. These polymeric nanocomposites act as photo sensitizers and good visible light absorbers due to π–π* electronic transitions. In this chapter the preparation methods, microstructure analysis and photocatalytic mechanism of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and various carbonaceous π-conjugated/polymeric material composite catalysts are focused. In particular, modification of g-C3N4 by various carbonaceous π-conjugated/polymeric materials result in hybridization owing to strong π–π stacking interaction, which stabilizes the hybrid nanostructure and efficiently utilize the solar spectra by extending the photocatalytic applications in NO removal, CO2 reduction and oxygen reduction reactions, water splitting to liberate H2 fuel and degradation of pollutants. The challenges of various π-conjugated/polymeric material modified nanocomposites of g-C3N4 in the field of photocatalysis are also highlighted in this chapter to extend their applications in sustainable energy development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bai X, Wang L, Wang Y, Yao W, Zhu Y (2014) Enhanced oxidation ability of g-C3N4 photocatalyst via C60 modification. Appl Catal B: Environ 152–153:262–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai X, Sun C, Wub S, Zhu Y (2015) Enhancement of photocatalytic performance via a P3HT-g-C3N4 heterojunction. J Mater Chem A 3:2741–2747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Shen S, Guo L, Mao SS (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem Rev 110:6503–6570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Jianghua L, Hong Z, Shen B, Lin B, Gao B (2014) Origin of the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of CNT modified g-C3N4 for H2 production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:8106–8113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai B, Liao X, Song F, Zhou H (2014) Fullerene modified C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Dalton Trans 43:982–989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai K, Lu L, Liu Q, Zhu G, Wei X, Bai J, Xuana L, Wang H (2014) Sonication assisted preparation of graphene oxide/graphitic-C3N4 nanosheet hybrid with reinforced photocurrent for photocatalyst applications. Dalton Trans 43:6295–6299

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge L, Han C (2012) Synthesis of MWNTs/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts with efficient visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. Appl Catal B: Environ 117–118:268–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge L, Han C, Liu J (2012) In situ synthesis and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities of novel PANI–g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts. J Mater Chem 22:11843–11850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He F, Chen G, Yu Y, Hao S, Zhou Y, Zheng Y (2014) Facile approach to synthesize g-PAN/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:7171–7179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu C, Han Q, Zhao F, Yuan Z, Chen N, Qu L (2015a) Graphitic C3N4–Pt nanohybrids supported on a graphene network for highly efficient methanol oxidation. Sci China Mater 58:21–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu S, Ma L, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhaoa Y, Wu G (2015b) Properties and photocatalytic Performance of polypyrrole and polythiophene modified g-C3N4 nanocomposites. RSC Adv 5:31947–31953

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo A, Miseki Y (2009) Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 38:253–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Sun Y, Dong F, Ho WK (2014) Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of bulk g-C3N4 by introducing mesoporous structure and hybridizing with grapheme. J Colloid Interface Sci 436:29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Q, Zhang J, Liu X, Wu Y, Yuan R, Chen S (2014) Enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor for detecting dopamine based on gold nanoflower@graphitic carbon nitride polymer nanosheet–polyaniline hybrids. Analyst 139:6556–6562

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Wang C, He H (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of NO over g-C3N4-TiO2 under UV and visible light. Appl Catal B: Environ 184:28–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martha S, Nashim A, Parida KM (2013) Facile synthesis of highly active g-C3N4 for efficient hydrogen production under visible light. J Mater Chem A 1:7816–7824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak S, Mohapatra L, Parida KM (2015) Visible light-driven novel g-C3N4/NiFe-LDH composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards water oxidation and reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 36:18622–18635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong WJ, Tan LL, Chai SP, Yong ST (2015) Graphene oxide as a structure-directing agent for the two-dimensional interface engineering of sandwich-like graphene–g-C3N4 hybrid nanostructures with enhanced visible-light photoreduction of CO2 to methane. Chem Commun 51:858–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik S, Martha S, Acharya S, Parida KM (2016a) An overview of the modification of g-C3N4 with high carbon containing materials for photocatalytic applications. Inorg Chem Front 3:336–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik S, Martha S, Parida KM (2016b) An overview of the structural, textural and morphological modulations of g-C3N4 towards photocatalytic hydrogen production. RSC Adv 6:46929–46951

    Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik S, Martha S, Madras G, Parida KM (2016c) Effect of sulfate pre-treatment to improve deposition of Au-nanoparticles in Gold-modified sulphated g-C3N4 plasmonic photocatalyst towards visible light induced water reduction reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:28502–28514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo DP, Patnaik S, Rath D, Nanda B, Parida KM (2016) Cu@CuO promoted g-C3N4/MCM-41: an efficient photocatalyst with tunable valence transition for visible light induced hydrogen generation. RSC Adv 6:112602–112613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sui Y, Liu J, Zhanga Y, Zhoua L, Xike T, Chen W (2013) Dispersed conductive polymer nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced solar-driven hydrogen evolution from pure water. Nanoscale 5:9150–9155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana S, Sahoo PC, Martha S, Parida KM (2016) A review of harvesting clean fuels from enzymatic CO2 reduction. RSC Adv 6:44170–44194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suryawanshi A, Dhanasekaran P, Mhamane D, Kelkar S, Patil S, Gupta N, Ogale S (2012) Doubling of photocatalytic H2 evolution from g-C3N4 via its nanocomposite formation with multiwall carbon nanotubes: electronic and morphological effects. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:9584–9589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas A, Fischer A, Goettmann F, Antonietti M, Muller JO, Schloglb R, Carlssonc JM (2008) Graphitic carbon nitride materials: variation of structure and morphology and their use as metal-free catalysts. J Mater Chem 18:4893–4908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian J, Liu Q, Asiri AM, Alamry KA, Sun X (2014) Ultrathin graphitic C3N4 nanosheets/graphene composites: efficient organic electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. ChemSusChem 7:2125–2130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unni SM, Illathvalappil R, Gangadharan PK, Bhange SN, Kurungot S (2014) Layer-separated distribution of nitrogen doped graphene by wrapping on carbon nitride tetrapods for enhanced oxygen reduction reactions in acidic medium. Chem Commun 50:13769–13772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Mingshi X, Larissa T, Fisher A, Wang X (2014) Strategies on the design of nitrogen-doped graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 5:119–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Wang L, Zhao F, Hu C, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Chen S, Shib G, Qu L (2015) Monoatomic-thick graphitic carbon nitride dots on graphene sheets as an efficient catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction. Nanoscale 7:3035–3042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2011) Preparation and enhanced visible-light photo catalytic H2-production activity of graphene/C3N4 composites. J Phys Chem C 115:7355–7363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Xu H, Wang L, Yan J, Li Huaming, Song Y, Huangb L, Caib G (2013) The CNT modified white C3N4 composite photo catalyst with enhanced visible-light response photoactivity. Dalton Trans 42:7604–7613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Zhou H, Fan T, Zhang D (2014) Semiconductor photo catalysts for water oxidation: current status and challenges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:6810–6828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Guo S, Li X, Zhang M (2014) Template free fabrication of porous g-C3N4/graphene hybrid with enhanced photocatalytic capability under visible light. Mater Technol: Adv Perform Mater 29:172–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Li X, Zhang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Zhang M (2015) Significantly improving the performance and dispersion morphology of porous g-C3N4/PANI composites by an interfacial polymerization method. e-Polymers 2:95–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Yao W, Lv Y, Bai X, Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhu Y (2014a) Enhancement of mineralization ability of C3N4 via a lower valence position by a tetra-cyanoquinodimethane organic semiconductor. J Mater Chem A 2:11432–11438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Zhaoc L, Zenga M, Lib J, Xua J, Wang X (2014b) Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanorods arrays on graphitic carbon nitride sheets with synergistic effect for photocatalysis. Catal Today 224:114–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Pan Q, Chai G, Liang M, Dong G, Zhang Q, Qiu J (2013) Synthesis and luminescence mechanism of multicolor-emitting g-C3N4 nanopowders by low temperature thermal condensation of melamine. Sci Rep 3:1943

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Shi G (2016) Conducting polymer-based catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 138:2868−2876

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Nano Science & Nano Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar, 751030, Odisha, India

    Sulagna Patnaik, Dipti Prava Sahoo & Kulamani Parida

Authors
  1. Sulagna Patnaik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dipti Prava Sahoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kulamani Parida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kulamani Parida .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Chemical Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

    Mohammad Mansoob Khan

  2. Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Debabrata Pradhan

  3. Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University Yusung, Daejeon, Korea (Republic of)

    Youngku Sohn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Patnaik, S., Sahoo, D.P., Parida, K. (2017). Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carbonaceous π-conjugated/Polymeric Materials Towards Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysts. In: Khan, M., Pradhan, D., Sohn, Y. (eds) Nanocomposites for Visible Light-induced Photocatalysis. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62446-4_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation