Abstract
The complexity of umbilical cord built has long been of interest to anatomists. A look at all mammals shows a variety of design adaptations. In humans, it has been determined that there are several designs.What these differences mean to the fetusis unknown.Attempts by several scientists to understand how the umbilical cord works have taught us thatthe cord is more like an organ rather than a rigid conduit (pipeline). Not all cords are alike. Just as there are different kinds of hair (curly/straight, thick/thin), there are different kinds of cords.
References
Di Naro E, Raio L, Ghezzi F, Franchi M, Romano F, D’Addario V. Longitudinal umbilical vein blood flow changes in normal and growth-retarded fetuses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002;81(6):527–33.
Benoit R, Copel J, Williams K. Does single umbilical artery (SUA) predict IUGR? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:208. (abstract 546)
Dudiak CM, Salomon CG, Posniak HV, Olson MC, Flisak ME. Sonography of the umbilical cord. Radiographics. 1995;15:1035–50.
Strong TH, Jarles DL, Vega JS, Feldman DB. The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:29–32.
Spatz WB. Nabelschnur-Längen bei Insektivoren und Primaten. Z Säugetierkd. 1968;33:226–39.
Blackburn W, Cooley NR, Manci EA. Correlations between umbilical cord structure-composition and normal and abnormal fetal development. In: Saul RA, editor. Proceedings of the greenwood genetics conference, vol. 7. Clinton: Jacobs Press; 1988. p. 180–1.
Fletcher S. Chirality in the umbilical cord. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:234–6.
Shepherd JT. Bayliss response in the umbilical artery. Fed Proc. 1968;27:1408–9.
Röckelein G, Scharl A. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the human umbilical artery intima: a new conception on postnatal arterial closure mechanism. Virchows Arch A. 1988;413:555–61.
LeDonne AT, McGowan L. Effect of an oxytocic on umbilical cord venous pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 1967;30:103–7.
McCoshen JA, Tulloch HV, Johnson KA. Umbilical cord is the major source of prostaglandin E2 in the gestational sac during term labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1989;160:973–8.
Salas SP, Power RF, Singleton A, Wharton J, Polak JM, Brown J. Heterogeneous binding sites for a-atrial natriuretic peptide in human umbilical cord and placenta. Am J Physiol. 1991;261:R633–8.
Cai WQ, Bodin P, Sexton A, Loesch A, Burnstock G. Localization of neuropeptide Y and atrial natriuretic peptide in the endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessels. Cell Tissue Res. 1993;272:175–81.
Okatani Y, Taniguchi K, Sagara Y. Amplifying effect of endothelin-1 on serotonin-induced vasoconstriction of human umbilical artery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1240–5.
De Sa MF, Meirelles RS. Vasodilating effect of estrogen on the human umbilical artery. Gynecol Investig. 1977;8:307–13.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fahmy, M. (2018). Physiology, Ultrastructure, Ultrasonography and Pharmacology of the Umbilical Cord. In: Umbilicus and Umbilical Cord. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62383-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62383-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62382-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62383-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)