Abstract
This study was motivated by observations of user innovation within a study of functional gains to a complex system; the user changes introduced novel function with a seemingly minimal reliance on material change. To better understand how users were realizing these changes, empirical research of user change behaviors was accomplished. This present research unpacks user change behaviors through an inductive analysis of four cases of user design. Although material changes were observed, they were not a necessary condition for functional gain; rather, system users demonstrated a reliance upon the introduction of novel system configurations (operational change) and novel user task structures (human change). This paper presents this inductive study, considers the pathways for change employed by system users, and motivates future research for leveraging these pathways for change.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
De Neufville R et al (2004) Engineering systems monograph. In: Engineering systems symposium. Citeseer
Fricke E, Schulz AP (2005) Design for changeability (DfC): principles to enable changes in systems throughout their entire lifecycle. Syst Eng 8
Saleh JH, Mark G, Jordan NC (2009) Flexibility: a multi-disciplinary literature review and a research agenda for designing flexible engineering systems. J Eng Des 20:307–323
Cox A, Szajnfarber Z (2016) Post-production change to complex systems
Pyles RA (2007) Aging aircraft: USAF workload and material consumption lifecycle patterns (Santa Monica: RAND, 2003), xix
Hill OJ (2006) Aircraft modifications: assessing the current state of air force aircraft modifications and the implications for future military capability
Kendall F, Gilmore J, Halvorsen T (2015) Department of defense instruction 5000.02, operation of the defense acquisition system
Kendall F (2015) Implementation directive for better buying power 3.0 - achieving dominant capabilities through technical excellence and innovation
Cardin M-A (2014) Enabling flexibility in engineering systems: a taxonomy of procedures and a design framework. J Mech Des 136:11005
Ryan ET, Jacques DR, Colombi JM (2013) An ontological framework for clarifying flexibility-related terminology via literature survey. Syst Eng 16:99–110
Steiner R (1998) Systems architecture and evolvability-definitions and perspective. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Symposium of the International Council on System Engineering
De Neufville R, Scholtes S, Wang T (2006) Real options by spreadsheet: parking garage case example. J Infrastruct Syst 12:107–111
de Neufville R (2002) Architecting/designing engineering systems using real options
Von Hippel E (2007) The sources of innovation. Springer
Shah SK, Tripsas M (2007) The accidental entrepreneur: the emergent and collective process of user entrepreneurship. Strateg Entrep J 1:123–140
Shah SK, Mody C (2011) Innovation, social structure & the creation of new industries
Lüthje C, Herstatt C, Von Hippel E (2003) The dominant role of ‘local’ information in user innovation: the case of mountain biking
Von Hippel E (1994) ‘Sticky information’ and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation. Manag Sci 40:429–439
Von Hippel E, Katz R (2002) Shifting innovation to users via toolkits. Manag Sci 48:821–833
Baldwin C, von Hippel E (2011) Modeling a paradigm shift: from producer innovation to user and open collaborative innovation. Organ Sci 22:1399–1417
von Hippel E (2005) Democratizing innovation. MIT Press, Cambridge
Riggs W, Von Hippel E (1994) Incentives to innovate and the sources of innovation: the case of scientific instruments. Res Policy 23:459–469
Dorst K, Cross N (2001) Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution. Des Stud 22:425–437
Liikkanen LA, Perttula M (2009) Exploring problem decomposition in conceptual design among novice designers. Des Stud 30:38–59
Suwa M, Gero J, Purcell T (2000) Unexpected discoveries and S-invention of design requirements: important vehicles for a design process. Des Stud 21:539–567
Cross N (2004) Creative thinking by expert designers. J Des Res 4
Purcell AT, Gero JS (1996) Design and other types of fixation. Des Stud 17:363–383
Miles MB, Huberman AM (1994) Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Eisenhardt KM (1989) Building theories from case study research. Acad Manag Rev 14:532–550
JCS Joint Contingency Task Group (1970) C. Report on the Son Tay Prisoner of War Operation
Gargus J (2010) The son tay raid: American POWs in Vietnam were not forgotten. Texas A&M University Press, College Station
Schemmer BF (2002) The raid: the son tay prison rescue mission. Ballantine Books, New York
Grimes B (2014) The history of big safari. Archway Publishing, Bloomington
McRaven WH, McRaven WH (1996) Spec ops: case studies in special operations warfare: theory and practice. Ballantine Books, Random House Publishing Group
Thigpen JL (2001) The praetorian STARShip: the untold story of the Combat Talon. Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base
Whitcomb DD (2012) On a steel horse I ride: a history of the MH-53 pave low helicopters in war and peace. DTIC Document, Maxwell Air Force Base
Yin RK (2013) Case study research: design and methods. Sage publications, London
Corbin J, Strauss A (2014) Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications, Los Angeles
Langley A (1999) Strategies for theorizing from process data. Acad Manag Rev 24:691–710
Cox A, Szajnfarber Z (2015) Case study research of user design methods. In: Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Management. 1
Ferguson S, Siddiqi A, Lewis K, de Weck OL (2007) Flexible and reconfigurable systems: Nomenclature and review. In: ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, pp 249–263
Siddiqi A, de Weck OL (2008) Modeling methods and conceptual design principles for reconfigurable systems. J Mech Des 130:101102
Lambert M (1963) F-104G Starfighter, European production of systems. Flight Int 2818:375
Lindsay J et al (1988) Son tay raid panel discussion
Hannan J (1993) Aerial Refueling: An Army Requirement for the AH-64 Apache? US Army Aviat Dig 2:32–39
Eastman W Development of helicopter air refueling. USAF helicopter pilot association, interesting experiences
Norman DA (2013) The design of everyday things: revised and expanded edition. Basic books, New York
Wickens CD (1992) Engineering psychology and human performance
Cummings M, Sasangohar F, Thornburg K, Xing J, D’Agostino A (2010) Human-system interface complexity and opacity part i: literature review. Massachusettes Inst Technol Camb MA
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. government or the Department of Defense.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cox, L.C.A., Szajnfarber, Z. (2018). System User Pathways to Change. In: Madni, A., Boehm, B., Ghanem, R., Erwin, D., Wheaton, M. (eds) Disciplinary Convergence in Systems Engineering Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62217-0_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62217-0_43
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62216-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62217-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)