Abstract
This chapter, at first, provides a synthetic picture of the present spread of heat pumps over the world market, also quoting some of the main producers. The most common types are shortly described too. In addition the thermodynamic fundamentals of their working principle are dealt with and the effect of irreversibilities on the heat pumps performances is stressed. The contribution of the different components to these irreversibilities is shortly illustrated together with that introduced by the unavoidable temperature difference between the evolving fluid and the external sources.
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Notes
- 1.
Bear in mind we have referred to reversible transformations, while real transformations are not such. In particular lamination is absolutely irreversible, so that we can only say (if adiabatic) its final enthalpy is equal to its initial one and not isenthalpic.
- 2.
Q > 0 if it is supplied to the system following the cycle and <0 if it exits from the system. Work L is always negative in inverse cycles as it is supplied to the system.
- 3.
For the sake of simplicity we refer to a sort of equivalent inverse “Carnot cycle” where irreversibilities are accounted for in Sg.
- 4.
The name COP is today reserved only to the winter coefficient of performance, while for summer it is called the energy efficiency ratio, EER.
References
European Heat Pumps Market and Statistics 2015 by EHPA.
Growth in the world heat pump market August 2014 https://www.bsria.com/news/article/growth-in-the-world-heat-pump-market/.
Heat Pumps Market: Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015–2025. http://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/heat-pumps-market.
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Grassi, W. (2018). The Fundamentals. In: Heat Pumps. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62199-9_1
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