Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preventing Hostile and Malevolent Use of Nanotechnology Military Nanotechnology After 15 Years of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cyber and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives Challenges

Part of the book series: Terrorism, Security, and Computation ((TESECO))

Abstract

This chapter is to update the assessment of potential military applications of nanotechnology published in 2006. Expecting nanotechnology to bring the next industrial revolution, around 2000 many countries started research and development (R&D) programs. In particular in the US National Nanotechnology Initiative, military aspects have figured prominently, with a budget share around 30% until 2008, then slowly decreasing to about 10%. While applications are increasingly emphasized, most of the work is still at the research stage. Many other countries do military R&D of nanotechnology, too, but apparently at a much lower level of funding. Rough estimates of 2006 about when specific military applications would arrive have turned out about correct in one third of the cases, but for the others the expected arrival times have to be postponed by five to 10 years.

When re-considering the list of potential military applications, the 30 areas given in 2006 still seem appropriate. Also their evaluation under criteria of preventive arms control does not need to be changed. The eight applications that would be particularly dangerous to arms control and international humanitarian law, to international peace and military stability, or to humans and societies in peace time, remain the same: small sensors, small missiles, small satellites, small robots, metal-free firearms, implants and other body manipulation, autonomous weapon systems, and new biochemical weapons. They should be subject to specific international bans or limits as proposed in 2006.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The annual DoD R&D budget had been around $50 billion in the 1990s, was increased to above $75 billion 2005–2010, then was reduced again, passing through $60 billion in 2013. This was roughly parallel to the time course of the total defence budget with values of $400 billion, $760 billion and $600 billion, respectively (all nominal dollars) [<CitationRef CitationID="CR33" >33</Citation Ref>].

  2. 2.

    For more information see the annual reports to Congress on DoD NT R&D until 2009 [e.g. <CitationRef CitationID="CR39" >39</Citation Ref>]. Later, overviews on DoD activities were given in the annual NNI Budget Supplements [e.g. <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >40</Citation Ref>].

  3. 3.

    From 2010 on there was no longer an annual report on the DoD NT R&D program; instead the annual NNI budget supplements gave some detail on DoD activities. These documents do not discuss military NT in other countries.

  4. 4.

    The full name is “Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects”. This framework agreement at present has five Protocols of which Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons (1995) is the only preventive one; it could be a role model for a Protocol VI on AWS.

  5. 5.

    The notion used in the CCW context is „Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWS)”, but non-lethal AWS pose similar fundamental questions. Thus, optimally all AWS should be included in a future CCW protocol prohibiting or limiting weapon systems that select and engage targets without human control.

  6. 6.

    The main agreement in this category is the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of 1990; however, it is under severe stress at present and should be reinvigorated.

  7. 7.

    In the 2006 book I was too cautious in stating that for “at least one decade –, artificial systems will not reach such a level” [<CitationRef CitationID="CR73" >73</Citation Ref>]. Despite remarkable advances in artificial intelligence, in 2017 it is obvious that this condition has not been reached; it is probably safe to state that this goal will not be achieved for at least two more decades.

  8. 8.

    Such a scenario had been described in a report by the US RAND Corporation [<CitationRef CitationID="CR74" >74</Citation Ref>], later wrongly assigned to Chinese military planning [<CitationRef CitationID="CR75" >75</Citation Ref>] while the Chinese source [<CitationRef CitationID="CR76" >76</Citation Ref>] just had reported to a Chinese military audience about the RAND report.

  9. 9.

    Capable of functioning on their own, with power supply and communication link.

  10. 10.

    On land, on/under water, in air.

  11. 11.

    For more details on exceptions, inclusion of civilian uses and verification see [<CitationRef CitationID="CR78" >78</Citation Ref>].

  12. 12.

    At present, 11 countries have got armed drones and further 10 are developing them [<CitationRef CitationID="CR84" >84</Citation Ref>].

  13. 13.

    This could mean overcoming the security dilemma by creating a monopoly of legitimate violence resting with a democratized United Nations Organization, similar to the situation in many democratic states where citizens need not arm themselves because the state protects their security. Obviously getting there would be a long and complicated process, but first steps in this direction have been made already, with UN, International Tribunals, European Union etc.

References

  1. Roco, M.C., Bainbridge, W.S. (eds.): Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance – Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science. Boston etc., Kluwer (2003), http://www.wtec.org/ConvergingTechnologies/1/NBIC_report.pdf

  2. High Level Expert Group “Foresighting the New Technology Wave”, A. Nordmann, Rapporteur: Converging Technologies – Shaping the Future of European Societies. Brussels, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research (2004), http://nanotech.law.asu.edu/Documents/2009/09/final_report_en_243_5158.pdf

  3. Clunan, A., Rodine-Hardy, K. (with Hsueh, R., Kosal, M., McManus, I.): Nanotechnology in a Globalized World – Strategic Assessments of an Emerging Technology, PASCC Report Number 2014-006, Monterey CA, Naval Postgraduate School (2014), http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a613000.pdf

  4. Director, Defense Research & Engineering: Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Program. Department of Defense, Washington DC (December 2009), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/dod-report_to_congress_final_1mar10.pdf (and earlier reports from 2005, 2006, 2007)

  5. Department of Defense Sections in: NNI Supplement to the President’s 2017 Budget, Washington DC: National Science and Technology Council (March 2016), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nni_fy17_budget_supplement.pdf (and earlier years)

  6. Nano for Defense Conference series, https://www.usasymposium.com/nano/

  7. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kretschmer, T., Wiemken, U. (eds.): Grundlagen und militärische Anwendungen der Nanotechnologie. Report, Frankfurt (Main)/Bonn (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schilthuizen, S., Simonis, F.: Nanotechnology İnnovation Opportunities for Tomorrow’s Defence. TNO, Eindhoven (2009), http://publications.tno.nl/publication/13006495/s6VLVp/Nanotechnology-book.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kosal, M.: Nanotechnology for Chemical and Biological Defense. Springer, New York (2009)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Kosal, M.E.: Anticipating the Biological Proliferation Threat of Nanotechnology: Challenges for International Arms Control Regimes. In Nasu, H., McLaughlin, R. (eds.): New Technologies and the Law of Armed Conflict. Asser/Springer, The Hague/Berlin etc. (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nasu, H., Faunce, T.: Nanotechnology and the International Law of Weaponry: Towards International Regulation of Nano-Weapons. Journal of Law, Information and Science 20 (1) 21–54 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nasu, H.: Nanotechnology and Challenges to İnternational Humanitarian Law: A Preliminary Legal Assessment. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (886) 653–672 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Nasu, H.: Nanotechnology and the Law of Armed Conflict. In Nasu, H., McLaughlin, R. (eds.): New Technologies and the Law of Armed Conflict. Asser/Springer, The Hague/Berlin etc. (2014), pp. 143–157

    Google Scholar 

  15. Faunce, T.: Nanotechnology and Military Attacks on Photosynthesis. In Nasu, H., McLaughlin, R. (eds.): New Technologies and the Law of Armed Conflict. Asser/Springer, The Hague/Berlin etc. (2014), pp. 175–190

    Google Scholar 

  16. Whitman, J.: The Arms Control Challenges of Nanotechnology. Contemporary Security Policy, 32, 99–115 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Crane, D.: MBDA TiGER (Tactical Grenade Extended Range) Small UAS/UAV ... Defense Review (October 2011), http://www.defensereview.com/mbda-tiger-tactical-grenade-extended-range-mini-flying-bombkamikaze-drone-for-tactical-reconnaissance-and-precision-kill-missions-is-low-observable-seriously-lethal-kittys-got-a-temper/

  18. Switchblade, AV Inc. (2017), http://www.avinc.com/uas/view/switchblade

  19. Jenzen-Jones, N.R.: Small Arms and Additive Manufacturing: An Assessment of 3D–Printed Firearms, Components, and Accessories. In King, B., Mcdonald, G. (Eds.): Behind the Curve: New Technologies, New Control Challenges. Occasional Paper 32, Small Arms Survey, Geneva (2015), http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/highlights/highlights-2015/highlight-op32.html

  20. Background – Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. The United Nations Office at Geneva (2017), http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943 (httpPages)/8FA3C2562A60FF81C1257CE600393DF6?OpenDocument; and 2014, 2015, 2016 Meetings of Experts on LAWS

  21. Department of Defense Announces Successful Micro-Drone Demonstration (January 2017), https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1044811/department-of-defense-announces-successful-micro-drone-demonstration

  22. Sander, J.D., Joung, J.K.: CRISPR-Cas Systems for Editing, Regulating and Targeting Genomes. Nature Biotechnology 32, 347–355 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin, P., Mehlman, M.J., Abney, K.: Enhanced Warfighters: Risk, Ethics, and Policy. The Greenwall Foundation (January 2013), http://ethics.calpoly.edu/Greenwall_report.pdf

  24. Kott, A. et al.: Visualizing the Tactical Ground Battlefield in the Year 2050: Workshop Report. ARL-SR-0327, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD (June 2015), http://www.arl.army.mil/arlreports/2015/ARL-SR-0327.pdf

  25. Drexler, K.E.: Engines of Creation – The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Anchor/Doubleday, New York (1986/1990)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Drexler, K.E.: Nanosystems – Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation. Wiley, New York (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Sections 4.3, 6.2

    Google Scholar 

  28. NNI Supplement to the President’s 2013 Budget (February 2012), http://www.nano.gov/node/748

  29. Via http://www.nano.gov, Search Publications and Resources, Type NNI Publications and Reports; e.g. NNI Supplement to the President’s 2015 Budget (March 2014), http://www.nano.gov/node/1128

  30. Director, Defense Research & Engineering: Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Program. Department of Defense, Washington DC (December 2009), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/dod-report_to_congress_final_1mar10.pdf (and earlier reports from 2005, 2006, 2007), p. 20

  31. NNI Supplement to the President’s 2017 Budget, Washington DC: National Science and Technology Council (March 31, 2016), p. 20, http://www.nano.gov/node/1573

  32. AFRL Nanoscience Technologies: Applications, Transitions and Innovations. Air Force Research Laboratory (2010), http://www.nano.gov/node/132

    Google Scholar 

  33. Altmann, J.: Military Research and Development (in German). In Altmann, J., Bernhardt, U., Nixdorff, K., Ruhmann, I., Wöhrle, D.: Naturwissenschaft, Rüstung, Frieden – Basiswissen für die Friedensforschung. Springer VS, Wiesbaden (2017)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  34. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2013–2014., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres14/2014.18.06.pdf

  35. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2011–2012., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres12/2012.08.08.pdf

  36. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2010–2011., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres11/2011.08.08.pdf

  37. Strategic Research Areas. ISN (2017), http://isnweb.mit.edu/strategic-research-areas.html

  38. Army Selects MIT For $50 Million İnstitute To Use Nanomaterials to Clothe, Equip Soldiers. MIT News (March 13, 2002), http://news.mit.edu/2002/isn

  39. Director, Defense Research & Engineering: Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Program. Department of Defense, Washington DC (December 2009), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/dod-report_to_congress_final_1mar10.pdf (and earlier reports from 2005, 2006, 2007)

  40. Department of Defense Sections in: NNI Supplement to the President’s 2017 Budget, Washington DC: National Science and Technology Council (March 2016), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nni_fy17_budget_supplement.pdf (and earlier years)

  41. Thomas, E.L.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2003–2004., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres06/03.09.pdf

  42. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2005–2006., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres06/03.09.pdf

  43. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2009–2010., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres10/2010.08.08.pdf

  44. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2013–2014., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres14/2014.18.06.pdf

  45. Strategic Research Areas. ISN (2017), http://isnweb.mit.edu/strategic-research-areas.html

  46. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2011–2012., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres12/2012.08.08.pdf

  47. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2012–2013., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres13/2013.19.07.pdf

  48. Joannopoulos, J.D.: Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, MIT Reports to the President 2013–2014., http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres14/2014.18.06.pdf

  49. About the NSI, https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/about

  50. Programs, https://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/programs

  51. UCLA Engineering, Research Centers, http://engineering.ucla.edu/research-centers/

  52. UC Riverside: New Center For Nanoscale İnnovation Transfers Knowledge From Universities To İndustry (December 10, 2002), http://newsroom.ucr.edu/305

  53. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Section 3.2

    Google Scholar 

  54. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Section 3.3

    Google Scholar 

  55. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Chapter 4, Table 4.1

    Google Scholar 

  56. Director, Defense Research & Engineering: Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Program. Department of Defense, Washington DC (December 2009), http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/dod-report_to_congress_final_1mar10.pdf (and earlier reports from 2005, 2006, 2007)

  57. Kovalchuk, M.V.: Nanotechnology is the Basis for New Postindustrial Economy. In: Tomellini, R., Giordani, J. (eds.): Report on the Third International Dialogue on Responsible Research and Development of Nanotechnology, Brussels (March 2008), http://cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/report_3006.pdf

  58. Raj, B.: Indo-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Nanotechnology Initiative – A Case Study of Effective Cooperation. In: Tomellini, R., Giordani, J. (eds.): Report on the Third International Dialogue on Responsible Research and Development of Nanotechnology, Brussels (March 2008), http://cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/report_3006.pdf, p. 128

  59. Nanotechnology for Defence Applications. DRDO Newsletter (Defence Research & Development Organisation, India), vol. 32, no. 11 (November 2012), http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/2012/NL_November_2012_web.pdf

  60. Ministry of Science and Technology, National Nanotechnology Development Strategy (2001–2010) (in Chinese) (2001), cited after Kosal, M.: China’s Institutions and Leadership Policy in Nanotechnology Development. In: Clunan, A., Rodine-Hardy, K. (with Hsueh, R., Kosal, M., McManus, I.): Nanotechnology in a Globalized World – Strategic Assessments of an Emerging Technology, PASCC Report Number 2014-006, Monterey CA, Naval Postgraduate School (2014), http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a613000.pdf

  61. Lim, H.: Overview on Nanotechnology in Korea: Policy and Current Status. In: 6th US-Korea Nano Forum, Las Vegas (April 2009), http://www.cmu.edu/nanotechnology-forum/Forum_6/Presentation/Hanjo_Lim.pdf

  62. European Defence Agency: Dual-use research (2016), http://www.eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/activities/activities-search/dual-use-research

  63. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Chapter 4, summary in Table 4.1

    Google Scholar 

  64. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Chapter 4, summary in Table 4.1

    Google Scholar 

  65. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Chapter 5

    Google Scholar 

  66. Altmann, J.: Nanotechnology and Preventive Arms Control. Forschung DSF No. 3, Osnabrück, Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung (2005), http://www.bundesstiftung-friedensforschung.de/images/pdf/forschung/berichtaltmann.pdf

  67. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. Geneva, (October 1980), http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/INTRO/500?OpenDocument

  68. Final Document of the Fifth Review Conference. CCW/CONF.V/10, advance version. (December 2016), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/AF11CD8FE21EA45CC12580920053ABE2/$file/CCW_CONF.V_10_23Dec2016_ADV.pdf

  69. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Table 6.1

    Google Scholar 

  70. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Section 6.3

    Google Scholar 

  71. Miasnikov, Y.: Precision-Guided Conventional Weapons. In: Arbatov, A., Dvorkin, V., Bubnova, N. (eds.): Nuclear Reset: Arms Reduction and Non-Proliferation, Carnegie Moscow Center, Moscow (2012), http://armscontrol.ru/pubs/en/Miasnikov-PGWs.pdf and references

  72. Altmann, J., Sauer, F.: Autonomous Weapon Systems and Strategic Stability, Survival 59 (5), (Oct./Nov. 2017) (accepted for publication)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Section 6.1.1.2

    Google Scholar 

  74. Brendley, K.W., Steeb, R.: Military Applications of Microelectromechanical Systems, MR-175-OSD/AF/A, RAND, Santa Monica CA (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Pillsbury, M.: China Debates the Future Security Environment (Ch. 6), National Defense University Press, Washington DC (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sun Bailin: Nanotechnology Weapons on Future Battlefields. In: Pillsbury, M. (ed.): Chinese Views of Future Warfare, rev. ed., National Defense University Press, Washington DC, 1998. (Chinese original: National Defense (China), June 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Ch. 7

    Google Scholar 

  78. Altmann, J.: Military Nanotechnology: Potential Applications and Preventive Arms Control. Routledge, Abingdon/New York (2006); Russian Version: Tekhnosphera, Moscow, Ch. 7

    Google Scholar 

  79. Berlin Statement, signed at the International, Interdisciplinary Expert Workshop Arms Control for Robots – Limiting Armed Tele-Operated and Autonomous Systems), Berlin, Sept. 2010, http://icrac.net/statements/

  80. Altmann, J.: Arms Control for Armed Uninhabited Vehicles – An Ethical Issue. Ethics and Information Technology 15, 137–152 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Killing by Machine – Key Issues for Understanding Meaningful Human Control, Article 36, London (April 2015), www.article36.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/KILLING_BY_MACHINE_6.4.15.pdf

  82. Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). Submitted by the Chairperson of the Informal Meeting of Experts. CCW/CONF.V/2. (June 2016), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/117/16/PDF/G1611716.pdf?OpenElement

  83. Kervers, O.: Strengthening Compliance with the Biological Weapons Convention: The Protocol Negotiations. Journal of Conflict & Security Law 7 (2), 275–292 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. World of Drones: Military, http://securitydata.newamerica.net/world-drones.html

  85. 2007 Department of Defense Research & Engineering Strategic Plan. US Department of Defense, Washington DC (June.), http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA472100

  86. Defense Manufacturing Management Guide for Program Managers. US Department of Defense, Washington DC (October 2012), Section 8.3, https://acc.dau.mil/docs/plt/pqm/mfg-guidebook-10-16-12.pdf

  87. Secretary of Defense Speech, Reagan National Defense Forum Keynote, As Delivered by Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, CA (November 2014), http://www.defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech-View/Article/606635

  88. Tomellini, R., Giordani, J. (eds.): Report on the Third International Dialogue on Responsible Research and Development of Nanotechnology, Brussels (March 2008), http://cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/report_3006.pdf

  89. US-EU dialogue, bridging nanoEHS research effort. (2017) [EHS: environmental, health, and safety questions], http://us-eu.org /

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Experimentelle Physik III, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

    Jürgen Altmann

Authors
  1. Jürgen Altmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen Altmann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Insubria and Landau Network Fondazione Volta, Como, Italy

    Maurizio Martellini

  2. Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

    Andrea Malizia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Altmann, J. (2017). Preventing Hostile and Malevolent Use of Nanotechnology Military Nanotechnology After 15 Years of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative. In: Martellini, M., Malizia, A. (eds) Cyber and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives Challenges. Terrorism, Security, and Computation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62108-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62108-1_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62107-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62108-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation