Abstract
This chapter discusses the “political criminal” category and how Polish exiles fit into this. The overall size of the Polish deportation is discussed. The pacification techniques of Russian general M.N. Murav´ëv—who razed villages, summarily executed prisoners, and was singlehandedly responsible for deporting ten thousand Poles—are detailed. Top officials hope to scale back the mass deportation, but Alexander II ignores both them and international condemnation. The mass deportation within the borders of European Russia is accompanied by bureaucratic confusion and disorder. This chapter also demonstrates how some officials ameliorated the lot of Polish exiles, but later paid a political price for this.
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Gentes, A.A. (2017). Suppression, Deportation, and Debate. In: The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60958-4_4
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