Abstract
We argue in this chapter for a re-valuing of relationships. While it has long been recognised that a relationship lies at the heart of the health provider-patient interaction, latterly changes in the way in which health services are provided may have shifted the focus from the relational aspects of the interaction to the transactional and instrumental. We argue that the nature and quality of the relationship between a health provider and a patient may be particularly important and central to the provision of rural health services because of the interrelatedness and corresponding intensity of relationships that often characterises rural settings. We focus in the second half of the chapter on the issue of dual and multiple relationships which are almost inevitable when health providers are based in rural communities but which urban-centric ethical frameworks generally suggest should be avoided. We argue that the nature and quality of relationships in health care practice in general and in relation to dual and multiple relationships in particular need to be re-valued.
Urban doctors take care of patients. Rural patients take care of their doctors. Urban patients know their doctors. Rural doctors know their patients (Robert Bowman, M.D.).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Austin, W., V. Bergum, S. Nuttgens, et al. 2006. A re-visioning of boundaries in professional helping relationships: Exploring other metaphors. Ethics & Behavior 16 (2): 77–94.
Ayres, J. 1994. 1993 Le Tourneau Award: The use and abuse of medical practice guidelines. Journal of Legal Medicine 15 (3): 421–443.
Beauchamp, T.L., and J. Childress. 2009. Principles of biomedical ethics. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blackstock, K., A. Innes, S. Cox, et al. 2006. Living with dementia in rural and remote Scotland: Diverse experiences of people with dementia and their carers. Journal of Rural Studies 22 (2): 161–176.
Bourke, L. 2001. Rural communities. In Rurality bites, ed. S. Lockie and L. Bourke, 118–120. Melbourne: Pluto Press.
Bushy, A. 2009. A landscape view of life and health care in rural settings. In Handbook for rural health care ethics: A practical guide for professionals, ed. W. Nelson, 13–41. Hanover: Dartmouth College.
———. 2014. Rural health care ethics. In Rural public health: Best practices and preventive models, ed. J. Warren and K. Bryant Smalley, 41–54. New York: Springer.
Canadian Medical Protective Association. n.d. Respecting boundaries. www.cmpaacpm.ca/serve/docs/ela/goodpracticesguide/pages/professionalism/Respecting_boundaries/the_slippery_slope-e.html. Accessed 30 Jan 2017.
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. 2004. September/October. Maintaining boundaries with patients. Member’s dialogue. www.cpso.on.ca/cpso/media/uploadedfiles/downloads/cpsodocuments/members/maintaining-boundaries.pdf. Accessed 30 Jan 2016.
Combs, G., and J. Freedman. 2002. Relationships, not boundaries. Theoretical Medicine 23 (3): 203–217.
Cook, A., and H. Hoas. 2008. Ethics and rural healthcare: What really happens? What might help? American Journal of Bioethics 8 (4): 52–56.
Cooper, I. 2012. Professional boundaries: Forming relationships and working unsupervised. In Ethical practice for health professionals, ed. H. Freegard and L. Isted, 174–197. Melbourne: Cengage Learning.
Crowden, A. 2008. Professional boundaries and the ethics of dual and multiple overlapping relationships in psychotherapy. Monash Bioethics Review 27 (4): 10–26.
———. 2010. Virtue ethics and rural professional healthcare roles. Rural Society 20 (1): 64–75.
Cunningham, W., R. Crump, and A. Tomlin. 2003. The characteristics of doctors receiving medical complaints: A cross-sectional survey of doctors in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal 116 (1183): U625.
Davis, R., and L. Roberts. 2009. Ethics conflicts in rural communities: Patient-provider relationships. In Handbook for rural health care ethics: A practical guide for professionals, ed. W. Nelson, 83–107. Hanover: Dartmouth College.
Dugdale, P. 2012. Governance challenges for primary health care. In Health workforce governance: Improved access, good regulatory practice, safer patients, ed. S. Short and F. McDonald, 183–201. Farnham: Ashgate.
Elkin, K. 2013. Protecting the public? An analysis of complaints and disciplinary proceedings against doctors in Australia and New Zealand. Unpublished dissertation, Melbourne Law School. https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/38367. Accessed 1 Feb 2016.
Ells, C., M. Hunt, and J. Chambers-Evans. 2011. Relational autonomy as an essential component of patient centred care. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 4 (2): 79–101.
Endacott, R., A. Wood, F. Judd, et al. 2006. Impact and management of dual relationships in metropolitan, regional and rural mental health practice. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40 (11–12): 987–994.
Fenby, B. 1978. Social work in a rural setting. Social Work 23 (2): 162–163.
Gabbard, G. 2009. Boundary violations. In Psychiatric ethics, ed. S. Bloch and S. Green, 4th ed., 251–270. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilson, E. 2014. The ethics of vulnerability: A feminist analysis of social life and practice. New York: Routledge.
Gottlieb, M., and J. Younggren. 2009. Is there a slippery slope? Considerations regarding multiple relationships and risk management. Journal of Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 40 (6): 564–571.
Greenspan, M. 1996. Out of bounds. In Boundary wars: Intimacy and distance in healing relationships, ed. K. Ragsdale, 129–136. Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press.
Gripton, J., and M. Valentich. 2003. Dealing with non-sexual professional-client dual relationships in rural communities. Paper presented at international conference on Human Services in Rural Communities, May 29–30, 2003 Halifax, NS.
Halpern, J. 2001. From detached concern to empathy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hardwig, J. 2006. Rural health care ethics: What assumptions and attitudes should drive the research? American Journal of Bioethics 6 (2): 53–54.
Jollimore, T. 2014. Impartiality. In The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Spring 2014 ed., ed. E. N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/impartiality/. Accessed 29 Feb 2016.
Kullnat, M. 2007. Boundaries. Journal of the American Medical Association. 297 (4): 343–344.
Kushner, T.K., and D.C. Thomasma. 2001. Section 3. Setting Boundaries. In Ward ethics: Dilemmas for medical students and doctors in training, ed. T.K. Kushner and D.C. Thomasma, 97–122. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Longino, H. 1990. Science as social knowledge: Values and objectivity in scientific inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———. 1996. Cognitive and non-cognitive values in science: Rethinking the dichotomy. In Feminism, science and the philosophy of science, ed. L.H. Nelson and J. Nelson, 39–58. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Malone, R. 1999. Policy as product: Morality and metaphor in health policy discourse. Hastings Center Report 29 (3): 16–22.
Mechanic, D. 1996. Changing medical organization and the erosion of trust. Milbank Quarterly 74 (2): 171–189.
Miedema, B., J. Easley, P. Fortin, et al. 2009. Crossing boundaries: Family physicians’ struggles to protect their private lives. Canadian Family Physician 55 (3): 286–287 e1-5.
Moules, N., M. MacLeod, L. Thirsk, et al. 2010. “And then you’ll see her in the grocery store”: The working relationships of public health nurses and high-priority families in Northern Canadian communities. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 25 (5): 327–334.
Nasrallah, S., G. Maytal, and L. Skarf. 2009. Patient-physician boundaries in palliative care training: A case study and discussion. Journal of Palliative Medicine 12 (12): 1159–1162.
National Council of State Boards of Nursing. n.d. Professional boundaries: A nurse’s guide to the importance of appropriate professional boundaries. Chicago: National Council of State Boards of Nursing.
National Rural Bioethics Project Combined findings: Importance of culture and values for rural decision-making. Missoula: The University of Montana. www.umt.edu/bioethics/healthcare/research/rural/Findings/Combined%20Findings.aspx. Accessed 28 Feb 2016.
Nedelsky, J. 1989. Reconceiving autonomy: Sources, thoughts and possibilities. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 1 (1): 7–36.
Nelson, W. 2008. The challenges of rural health care. In Ethical issues in rural health care, ed. C. Klugman and P. Dalinis, 34–59. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nelson, W., and C. Morrow. 2011. Rural primary care – working outside the comfort zone. Virtual Mentor 13 (5): 278–281.
Nelson, W., A. Pomerantz, K. Howard, et al. 2007. A proposed rural healthcare ethics agenda. Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (3): 136–139.
Pesut, B., J. Bottorff, and C. Robinson. 2011. Be known, be available, be mutual: A qualitative ethical analysis of social values in rural palliative care. BMC Medical Ethics 12 (19): 1–11.
Peternelj-Taylor, C. 2002. Professional boundaries: A matter of therapeutic integrity. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 40 (4): 22–29.
Peterson, M. 1992. At personal risk: Boundary violations in professional-client relationships. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Pomerantz, A. 2009. Ethics conflicts in rural communities: Overlapping roles. In Handbook for rural health care ethics: A practical guide for professionals, ed. W. Nelson, 108–125. Hanover: Dartmouth College.
Pugh, R. 2000. Rural social work. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.
———. 2007. Dual relationships: Personal and professional boundaries in rural social work. British Journal of Social Work 37 (8): 1405–1423.
Pugh, R., and B. Cheers. 2010. Rural social work: An international perspective. Bristol: Policy Press.
Purtilo, R., and J. Sorrell. 1986. The ethical dilemmas of a rural physician. Hastings Center Report 16 (4): 24–28.
Reiss, J., and J. Sprenger. 2014. Scientific Objectivity. In The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Spring 2014 ed., ed. E.N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-objectivity/. Accessed 28 Feb 2016.
Rich, R. 1990. The American rural metaphor: Myths and realities in rural practice. Human Services in Rural Environment 14: 31–34.
Roberts, L., J. Battaglia, M. Smithpeter, et al. 1999. An office on Main Street: Health care dilemmas in small communities. Hastings Center Report 29 (4): 28–37.
Roberts, L., T. Warner, and K. Hammond. 2005. Letters: Ethical challenges of mental health clinicians in rural and frontier areas. Psychiatric Services 56 (3): 358–359.
Rourke, J., L. Smith, and J. Brown. 1993. Patients, friends, and relationship boundaries. Canadian Family Physician. 39: 2557–2565.
Schank, J., and T. Skovholt. 2006. Ethical practice in small communities: Challenges and rewards for psychologists. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Schiff, G. 2013. Crossing boundaries – violation or obligation? Journal of the American Medical Association 312 (12): 1233–1234.
Scopelliti, J., F. Judd, and M. Grigg. 2004. Dual relationships in mental health practice: Issues for clinicians in rural settings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38 (11-12): 953–959.
Sherwin, S. 1992. No longer patient: Feminist ethics and health care. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Sommers-Flanagan, R. 2012. Boundaries, multiple roles, and the professional relationship. In APA handbook of ethics in psychology, Vol 1: Moral foundations and common themes, ed. S. Knapp, M. Handelesman, and L. VandeCreek, 241–277. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Sommers-Flanagan, R., and J. Sommers-Flanagan. 2007. Becoming an ethical helping professional: Cultural and philosophical foundations. Hoboken: Wiley.
Thagard, P. 2010. Emotional thinking should be rational AND emotional. Psychology Today. www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hot-thought/201006/ethical-thinking-should-be-rational-and-emotional. Accessed 29 Jan 2016.
Townsend, T. 2009. Ethics conflicts in rural communities: Privacy and confidentiality. In Handbook for rural health care ethics: A practical guide for professionals, ed. W. Nelson, 126–141. Hanover: Dartmouth College.
Warner, T., P. Monaghan-Geernaert, J. Battaglia, et al. 2005. Ethical consideration in rural health care: A pilot study of clinicians in Alaska and New Mexico. Community Mental Health Journal 41 (1): 21–33.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simpson, C., McDonald, F. (2017). The Value of Relationships. In: Rethinking Rural Health Ethics. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine, vol 72. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60811-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60811-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60809-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60811-2
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)