Skip to main content

Repairing Meaning, Resolving Rumination, and Moving toward Self-Forgiveness

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Meaning in life is the term used to describe how people make sense of their lives, how they commit to pursuing purpose in life, and how they come to see their lives as significant and worthwhile. Committing wrongs against other people or our own moral code, might—perhaps even ought to—challenges these components of a meaningful life. In fact, such wrongs may be considered to constitute a rupture in meaning, with a potential to spark intractable cycles of rumination. In this chapter, we propose that self-forgiveness and meaning work together to enable people to resolve their rumination, learn more about themselves, make reparations, and move toward healing their own hurt and that which they caused in others.

I have made many mistakes and no doubt will make more before I die. When I have seen pain, when I have found that my ineptness has caused displeasure, I have learned to accept my responsibility and to forgive myself first, then to apologize to anyone injured by my misreckoning. Since I cannot un-live history, and repentance is all I can offer God, I have hopes that my sincere apologies were accepted.–Maya Angelou, “Letter to my Daughter”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allbaugh, L. J., Wright, M. O. D., & Folger, S. F. (2016). The role of repetitive thought in determining posttraumatic growth and distress following interpersonal trauma. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allemand, M., Hill, P. L., Ghaemmaghami, P., & Martin, M. (2012). Forgivingness and subjective well-being in adulthood: The moderating role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O’Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battista, J., & Almond, R. (1973). The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36(4), 409–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L., Duffy, J., Fountain, E., Halling, S., Holzer, M., Jones, E., … Rowe, J. O. (1992). Exploring self-forgiveness. Journal of Religion and Health, 31(2), 149–160. doi:10.1007/bf00986793.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 182–195. doi:10.1177/0146167207310025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. M. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24(2), 137–156. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.529901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva, S. P., vanOyen Witvliet, C., & Riek, B. (2017). Self-forgiveness and forgiveness-seeking in response to rumination: Cardiac and emotional responses of transgressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 362–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., … Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329–335. doi:10.1037/cou0000063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A. (2003). Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 105–128). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894–914. doi:10.1037/a0019993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2010). Moving toward self-forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 548–558. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00276.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2006). Self-forgiveness versus excusing: The roles of remorse, effort, and acceptance of responsibility. Self and Identity, 5(02), 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3–24). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, B. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., Lavelock, C. R., Wade, N. G., & Hoyt, W. T. (2015). Forgiveness and mental health. In Forgiveness and Health (pp. 77-90). Springer Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M., DeCourville, N., & Sadava, S. (2012). Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(3), 288–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grygielski, M. (1984). Meaning in life and hopelessness: Interrelationships and intergroup differences. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 15, 277–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harber, K. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992). Overcoming traumatic memories. In S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory (pp. 359–387). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmgren, M. R. (1998). Self-forgiveness and responsible moral agency. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32(1), 75–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, S.-T. T., & Enright, R. D. (2000). Forgiveness and anger-related emotions in Taiwan: Implications for therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(1), 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macaskill, A. (2012). Differentiating dispositional self-forgiveness from other-forgiveness: Associations with mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 28–50. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.1.28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maltby, J., Macaskill, A., & Day, L. (2001). Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), 881–885. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00080-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194–197. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006). Writing about the benefits of an interpersonal transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 887–897. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2005). Existential meaning’s role in the enhancement of hope and prevention of depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73, 985–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2006). The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 46(2), 168–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messay, B., Dixon, L. J., & Rye, M. S. (2012). The relationship between Quest religious orientation, forgiveness, and mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 15(3), 315–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olatunji, B. O., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2013). Specificity of rumination in anxiety and depression: A multimodal meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(3), 225–257. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, G. P., Steger, M. F., Whitesell, A. A., & Herrera, C. J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder, guilt, depression, and meaning in life among military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(6), 654–657.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. doi:10.1037/a0018301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, G. L., & Enright, R. D. (2006). The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 920–929. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.920.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reker, G. T., & Wong, P. T. P. (1988). Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. In J. E. Birren & V. L. Bengtson (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging (pp. 214–246). New York: Springer Publishing, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., Uhlmansiek, M. O., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 243–258. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003). A multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: what’s on your mind, and how, and how much? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 909–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2009). A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed.pp. 679–687). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F. (2012a). Experiencing meaning in life: Optimal functioning at the nexus of spirituality, psychopathology, and well-being. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (2nd ed.pp. 165–184). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F. (2012b). Making meaning in life. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 381–385. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2012.720832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., & Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in life: One link in the chain from religiousness to well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 574–582. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008a). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199–228. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Oishi, S. (2008b). Being good by doing good: Eudaimonic activity and daily well-being correlates, mediators, and temporal relations. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 22–42. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., & Park, C. L. (2012). The creation of meaning following trauma: Meaning making and trajectories of distress and recovery. In T. Keane, E. Newman, & K. Fogler (Eds.), Toward an integrated approach to trauma focused therapy: Placing evidence-based interventions in an expanded psychological context (pp. 171–191). Washington, DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terzino, K. A. (2011). Self-forgiveness for interpersonal and intrapersonal transgressions. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2011-99060-417&site=ehost-live. Available from EBSCOhost PsycINFO database.

  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., … Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x

  • Thomsen, D. K., Mehlsen, M. Y., Olesen, F., Hokland, M., Viidik, A., Avlund, K., & Zachariae, R. (2004). Is there an association between rumination and self-reported physical health? A one-year follow-up in a young and an elderly sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(3), 215–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Theoretical and empirical connections between forgiveness, mental health, and well-being. In Everett L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of Forgiveness (pp. 349-362). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tongeren, D. R., Green, J. D., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Davis, J. L., & Ramos, M. (2015). Forgiveness increases meaning in life. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(1), 47–55. doi:10.1177/1948550614541298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163–206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E.C. (2015). Self-compassion and self-forgiveness as mediated by rumination, shame-proneness, and experiential avoidance: Implications for mental and physical health. Retrieved from Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2562. http://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2562

  • Wenzel, M., Turner, J. K., & Okimoto, T. G. (2010). Is forgiveness an outcome or initiator of sociocognitive processes? Rumination, empathy, and cognitive appraisals following a transgression. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(4), 369–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2013). Self-forgiveness and restoration of an offender following an interpersonal transgression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 225–259. doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.2.225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodyatt, L., & Wenzel, M. (2014). A needs-based perspective on self-forgiveness: Addressing threat to moral identity as a means of encouraging interpersonal and intrapersonal restoration. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W., & Parrott, L., III. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1987). Relation of hassles and personality to subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 155–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 83(1), 133–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael F. Steger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Graham, K.L., Morse, J.L., O’Donnell, M.B., Steger, M.F. (2017). Repairing Meaning, Resolving Rumination, and Moving toward Self-Forgiveness. In: Woodyatt, L., Worthington, Jr., E., Wenzel, M., Griffin, B. (eds) Handbook of the Psychology of Self-Forgiveness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics