Skip to main content

Deciphering Moroccan ‘Cool’

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Rap Beyond Resistance

Part of the book series: Pop Music, Culture and Identity ((PMCI))

  • 328 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter situates the discussion by looking at the main cultural, political and economic ecologies of Moroccan youth culture in the 2000s. In 1999, with a new king heading the state, Morocco had the chance to reinvent itself and become an ‘exception’ in the region. In 2003, the narrative of exceptionalism was fractured by several terrorist attacks in Casablanca and the state’s persecution of heavy metal musicians and Islamists as a response to these. This provided a privileged space for hip hop practitioners and fans to become the country’s new image. Rappers as the new ‘cool’ became well known through their performances in state-sponsored music festivals and in the media, and were acclaimed by French-speaking urban elites often critical of the state. This chapter lays the ground for understanding how during the 2000s, the state and the elites, despite their rivalry, capitalized on hip hop culture in their aim of capturing the hearts and minds of urban young people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aadnani, R. 2006. Beyond Raï: North African Protest Music and Poetry. World Literature Today 80 (4): 21–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aboullouz, A. 2011. Salafism in Morocco: Religious Radicalism and Political Conformism. In Islamist Radicalisation in North Africa: Politics and Process, ed. G. Joffé, 160–178. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aidi, H. 2011. The Grand (Hip-Hop) Chessboard: Race, Rap and Raison d’État. Middle East Report 260 (Fall): 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aït Mous F, and M. Wazif. 2008. Summer Festivals in Morocco: International Influence and a Factor of Social Cohesion. IEMed Yearbook 2008: 295–299. Available from http://www.iemed.org/anuari/2008/aarticles/EN295.pdf.

  • Aydoun, A. 2001. Musiques du Maroc. Editions EDDIF et Éditions Autres Temps: Casablanca & Marseille.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahmad, J. 2013. From Casablanca to Casanegra: Neoliberal Globalization and Disaffected Youth in Moroccan Urban Cinema. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 6: 15–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, G. 2005. ¡Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba. Ethnomusicology 49 (3): 368–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldassarre, A. 2003. Moroccan World Beat Through the Media. In Mediterranean Mosaïc: Popular Music and Global Sounds, ed. G. Plastino, 79–100. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beau, N., and C. Graciet. 2006. Quand Le Maroc Sera Islamist. Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belghazi, T. 2006. Festivalization of Urban Space in Morocco. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 15 (1): 97–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentahar, Z. 2010. The Visibility of African Identity in Moroccan Music. Wasafiri 25 (1): 41–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benyazid, F., and A. Mettour. 2007. Casanayda. France: Sigma Technologies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, I., and V. Knights. 2007. Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location: Between the Global and the Local. Hampshire: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogaert, K. 2013. Contextualizing the Arab Revolts: The Politics Behind Three Decades of Neoliberalism in the Arab World. Middle East Critique 22 (3): 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlman, P. 2010. Focus on World Music: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of a New Europe. Florence, KY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouasria, A. 2013. The Second Coming of Morocco’s “Commander of the Faithful”: Mohammed VI and Morocco’s Religious Policy. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 37–56. Routledge: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boum A. 2012. Festivalizing Dissent in Morocco. Middle East Report 263 (Summer): 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourqia, R. 1999. The Cultural Legacy of Power in Morocco. In In the Shadow of the Sultan: Culture, Power and Politics in Morocco, ed. R. Bourqia and M.E. Combs-Schilling, 243–254. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutieri, C. 2012. In Two Speeds (À Deux Vitesses): Linguistic Pluralism and Educational Anxiety in Contemporary Morocco. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44: 443–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callen J. 2006. French Fries in the Tagine: Re-imagining Moroccan Popular Music. University of California. Available from http://popculturetransgressions.com/2010/04/17/french-fries-in-the-tagine-moroccan-alternative-music/.

  • Cavatorta, F. 2006. Civil Society, Islamism and Democratisation: The Case of Morocco. Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (2): 203–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavatorta, F. 2007. More Than Repression: The Significance of Divide et Impera in the Middle East and North Africa—The Case of Morocco. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 25 (2): 187–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavatorta, F. 2009. Divided They Stand, Divided They Fail: Opposition Politics in Morocco. Democratization 16 (1): 137–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavatorta, F., and E. Dalmasso. 2013. The Emerging Power of Civil Society? The Human Rights Doctrine. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 120–135. Routledge: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavatorta, F., and V. Durac. 2011. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., and L. Jaidi. 2006. Morocco: Globalization and Its Consequences. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daadaoui, M. 2011. Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge: Maintaining Makhzen Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • El Hamel, C. 2008. Constructing a Diasporic Identity: Tracing the Origins of the Gnawa Spiritual Group in Morocco. The Journal of African History 49 (2): 241–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Errihani, M. 2013. The Amazigh Renaissance: Tamazigh in the Time of Mohammed VI. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 57–69. Routledge: Abingdon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Férnandez Molina, I. 2011. The Monarchy vs. the 20 February Movement: Who Holds the Reins of Political Change in Morocco? Mediterranean Politics 16 (3): 435–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández Parrilla, G., and H. Islán Fernández. 2009. La Leyenda Nass El Ghiwane. Al-Andalus Magreb 16: 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkestad, G. 2002. National Identity and Music. In Musical Identities, ed. R. McDonald, D. Hargreaves, and D. Miell, 151–162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershovich, M., 2013. “The ‘New Press’ and Free Speech under Mohammed VI.” In B. Maddy-Weitzman & D. Zisenwine, eds. Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society under Mohammed VI. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graiouid, S., and T. Belghazi. 2013. Cultural Production and Cultural Patronage in Morocco: The State, the Islamists, and the Field of Culture. Journal of African Cultural Studies 25 (3): 261–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegasy, S. 2007. Young Authority: Quantitative and Qualitative Insights into Youth, Youth Culture, and State Power in Contemporary Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies 12 (1): 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, M. 2005. Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffé, G. 2009. Morocco’s Reform Process: Wider Implications. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 151–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kausch, K. 2009. The European Union and Political Reform in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 165–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiwan, N., and U. Meinhof. 2011. Cultural Globalization and Music: African Artists in Transnational Networks. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kozma, L. 2003. Moroccan Women’s Narrative of Liberation: A Passive Revolution? In Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa, ed. J. Mcdougall, 112–130. London: Frank Cass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laachir, K. 2013. Managed Reforms and Deferred Democratic Rule in Morocco and Algeria. In Democracy and Reform in the Middle East and Asia, ed. A. Saikal and A. Acharya, 43–63. New York: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linn, R. 2011. Change Within Continuity: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and Political Reform in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies 16 (1): 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, L. 2009. The Artist of the People in the Battle: Umm Kulthum’s Concerts for Egypt in Political Context. In Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, ed. L. Nooshin, 33–54. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maghraoui, A. 2001. Political Authority in Crisis: Mohammed VI’s Morocco. Middle East Report 218 (Spring): 12–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maghraoui, D. 2009. The Strengths and Limits of Religious Reforms in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 195–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maghraoui, D. 2011. Constitutional Reforms in Morocco: Between Consensus and Subaltern Politics. The Journal of North African Studies 16 (4): 679–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massad, J. 2005. Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music. In Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture, ed. R. Stein and S. Ted, 176–201. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massaia, A. 2013. Un désir de culture: Essaie sur l’action culturelle au Maroc. Casablanca: Editions de la Croisée des Chemins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliani, H. 2002. Culture planétaire et indentités frontalieres: À propos du rap en Algérie. Cahiers d’Études Africaines 42 (168): 763–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T. 2001. Another Root—Hip-Hop outside the USA. In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. T. Mitchell, 1–38. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nooshin, L. 2009. Prelude: Power and the Play of Music. In Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, ed. L. Nooshin, 1–32. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, V.K., 2009. Francophone Voices of the “New” Morocco in Film and Print: (Re)presenting a Society in Transition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sater, J.N. 2007. Civil Society and Political Change in Morocco. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sater, J.N. 2010. Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A.R. & Loudiy, F., 2005. “Testing the Red Lines: On the Liberalization of Speech in Morocco.” Human Rights Quaterly, 27 (3), pp.1069–1119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, C. 2007. Popular Culture and Nationalism in Lebanon: The Fairouz and Rahbani Nation. Florence, KY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm, L. 2007. Democratization in Morocco: The Political Elite and Struggles for Power in the Post-Independence State. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozy, M. 2009. L’évolution du champ religieux marocain au défi de la mondialisation. Revue internationale de politique comparée 16 (1): 63–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNDP. 2005. 50 Years of Human Development & Perspectives to 2025—The Future Is Being Built and the Best Is Possible.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, M.J. 2009. Conclusion: The Dynamics of Reform in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 229–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2012. Kingdom of Morocco Promoting Youth Opportunities and Participation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirbel, K.E. 2000. Playing It Both Ways: Local Egyptian Performers Between Regional Identity and International Markets. In Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, ed. W. Ambrust. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zisenwine, D. 2010. The Emergence of Nationalist Politics in Morocco: The Rise of the Independence Party and the Struggle Against Colonialism after World War II. London: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristina Moreno Almeida .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moreno Almeida, C. (2017). Deciphering Moroccan ‘Cool’. In: Rap Beyond Resistance. Pop Music, Culture and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60183-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics