Abstract
This chapter situates the discussion by looking at the main cultural, political and economic ecologies of Moroccan youth culture in the 2000s. In 1999, with a new king heading the state, Morocco had the chance to reinvent itself and become an ‘exception’ in the region. In 2003, the narrative of exceptionalism was fractured by several terrorist attacks in Casablanca and the state’s persecution of heavy metal musicians and Islamists as a response to these. This provided a privileged space for hip hop practitioners and fans to become the country’s new image. Rappers as the new ‘cool’ became well known through their performances in state-sponsored music festivals and in the media, and were acclaimed by French-speaking urban elites often critical of the state. This chapter lays the ground for understanding how during the 2000s, the state and the elites, despite their rivalry, capitalized on hip hop culture in their aim of capturing the hearts and minds of urban young people.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aadnani, R. 2006. Beyond Raï: North African Protest Music and Poetry. World Literature Today 80 (4): 21–26.
Aboullouz, A. 2011. Salafism in Morocco: Religious Radicalism and Political Conformism. In Islamist Radicalisation in North Africa: Politics and Process, ed. G. Joffé, 160–178. London: Routledge.
Aidi, H. 2011. The Grand (Hip-Hop) Chessboard: Race, Rap and Raison d’État. Middle East Report 260 (Fall): 25–39.
Aït Mous F, and M. Wazif. 2008. Summer Festivals in Morocco: International Influence and a Factor of Social Cohesion. IEMed Yearbook 2008: 295–299. Available from http://www.iemed.org/anuari/2008/aarticles/EN295.pdf.
Aydoun, A. 2001. Musiques du Maroc. Editions EDDIF et Éditions Autres Temps: Casablanca & Marseille.
Bahmad, J. 2013. From Casablanca to Casanegra: Neoliberal Globalization and Disaffected Youth in Moroccan Urban Cinema. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 6: 15–35.
Baker, G. 2005. ¡Hip Hop, Revolución! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba. Ethnomusicology 49 (3): 368–402.
Baldassarre, A. 2003. Moroccan World Beat Through the Media. In Mediterranean Mosaïc: Popular Music and Global Sounds, ed. G. Plastino, 79–100. London: Routledge.
Beau, N., and C. Graciet. 2006. Quand Le Maroc Sera Islamist. Paris: La Découverte.
Belghazi, T. 2006. Festivalization of Urban Space in Morocco. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 15 (1): 97–107.
Bentahar, Z. 2010. The Visibility of African Identity in Moroccan Music. Wasafiri 25 (1): 41–48.
Benyazid, F., and A. Mettour. 2007. Casanayda. France: Sigma Technologies.
Biddle, I., and V. Knights. 2007. Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location: Between the Global and the Local. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Bogaert, K. 2013. Contextualizing the Arab Revolts: The Politics Behind Three Decades of Neoliberalism in the Arab World. Middle East Critique 22 (3): 213–234.
Bohlman, P. 2010. Focus on World Music: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of a New Europe. Florence, KY: Routledge.
Bouasria, A. 2013. The Second Coming of Morocco’s “Commander of the Faithful”: Mohammed VI and Morocco’s Religious Policy. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 37–56. Routledge: Abingdon.
Boum A. 2012. Festivalizing Dissent in Morocco. Middle East Report 263 (Summer): 22–25.
Bourqia, R. 1999. The Cultural Legacy of Power in Morocco. In In the Shadow of the Sultan: Culture, Power and Politics in Morocco, ed. R. Bourqia and M.E. Combs-Schilling, 243–254. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Boutieri, C. 2012. In Two Speeds (À Deux Vitesses): Linguistic Pluralism and Educational Anxiety in Contemporary Morocco. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44: 443–464.
Callen J. 2006. French Fries in the Tagine: Re-imagining Moroccan Popular Music. University of California. Available from http://popculturetransgressions.com/2010/04/17/french-fries-in-the-tagine-moroccan-alternative-music/.
Cavatorta, F. 2006. Civil Society, Islamism and Democratisation: The Case of Morocco. Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (2): 203–222.
Cavatorta, F. 2007. More Than Repression: The Significance of Divide et Impera in the Middle East and North Africa—The Case of Morocco. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 25 (2): 187–203.
Cavatorta, F. 2009. Divided They Stand, Divided They Fail: Opposition Politics in Morocco. Democratization 16 (1): 137–156.
Cavatorta, F., and E. Dalmasso. 2013. The Emerging Power of Civil Society? The Human Rights Doctrine. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 120–135. Routledge: Abingdon.
Cavatorta, F., and V. Durac. 2011. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. London: Routledge.
Cohen, S., and L. Jaidi. 2006. Morocco: Globalization and Its Consequences. New York: Routledge.
Daadaoui, M. 2011. Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge: Maintaining Makhzen Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
El Hamel, C. 2008. Constructing a Diasporic Identity: Tracing the Origins of the Gnawa Spiritual Group in Morocco. The Journal of African History 49 (2): 241–260.
Errihani, M. 2013. The Amazigh Renaissance: Tamazigh in the Time of Mohammed VI. In Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammed VI, ed. B. Maddy-Weitzman and D. Zisenwine, 57–69. Routledge: Abingdon.
Férnandez Molina, I. 2011. The Monarchy vs. the 20 February Movement: Who Holds the Reins of Political Change in Morocco? Mediterranean Politics 16 (3): 435–441.
Fernández Parrilla, G., and H. Islán Fernández. 2009. La Leyenda Nass El Ghiwane. Al-Andalus Magreb 16: 149–161.
Folkestad, G. 2002. National Identity and Music. In Musical Identities, ed. R. McDonald, D. Hargreaves, and D. Miell, 151–162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gershovich, M., 2013. “The ‘New Press’ and Free Speech under Mohammed VI.” In B. Maddy-Weitzman & D. Zisenwine, eds. Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society under Mohammed VI. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 93–108.
Graiouid, S., and T. Belghazi. 2013. Cultural Production and Cultural Patronage in Morocco: The State, the Islamists, and the Field of Culture. Journal of African Cultural Studies 25 (3): 261–274.
Hegasy, S. 2007. Young Authority: Quantitative and Qualitative Insights into Youth, Youth Culture, and State Power in Contemporary Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies 12 (1): 19–36.
Howe, M. 2005. Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.
Joffé, G. 2009. Morocco’s Reform Process: Wider Implications. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 151–164.
Kausch, K. 2009. The European Union and Political Reform in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 165–179.
Kiwan, N., and U. Meinhof. 2011. Cultural Globalization and Music: African Artists in Transnational Networks. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kozma, L. 2003. Moroccan Women’s Narrative of Liberation: A Passive Revolution? In Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa, ed. J. Mcdougall, 112–130. London: Frank Cass Publishers.
Laachir, K. 2013. Managed Reforms and Deferred Democratic Rule in Morocco and Algeria. In Democracy and Reform in the Middle East and Asia, ed. A. Saikal and A. Acharya, 43–63. New York: I.B. Tauris.
Linn, R. 2011. Change Within Continuity: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and Political Reform in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies 16 (1): 1–17.
Lohman, L. 2009. The Artist of the People in the Battle: Umm Kulthum’s Concerts for Egypt in Political Context. In Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, ed. L. Nooshin, 33–54. Farnham: Ashgate.
Maghraoui, A. 2001. Political Authority in Crisis: Mohammed VI’s Morocco. Middle East Report 218 (Spring): 12–17.
Maghraoui, D. 2009. The Strengths and Limits of Religious Reforms in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 195–211.
Maghraoui, D. 2011. Constitutional Reforms in Morocco: Between Consensus and Subaltern Politics. The Journal of North African Studies 16 (4): 679–699.
Massad, J. 2005. Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music. In Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture, ed. R. Stein and S. Ted, 176–201. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Massaia, A. 2013. Un désir de culture: Essaie sur l’action culturelle au Maroc. Casablanca: Editions de la Croisée des Chemins.
Miliani, H. 2002. Culture planétaire et indentités frontalieres: À propos du rap en Algérie. Cahiers d’Études Africaines 42 (168): 763–778.
Mitchell, T. 2001. Another Root—Hip-Hop outside the USA. In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. T. Mitchell, 1–38. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Nooshin, L. 2009. Prelude: Power and the Play of Music. In Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, ed. L. Nooshin, 1–32. Farnham: Ashgate.
Orlando, V.K., 2009. Francophone Voices of the “New” Morocco in Film and Print: (Re)presenting a Society in Transition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sater, J.N. 2007. Civil Society and Political Change in Morocco. New York: Routledge.
Sater, J.N. 2010. Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity. London: Routledge.
Smith, A.R. & Loudiy, F., 2005. “Testing the Red Lines: On the Liberalization of Speech in Morocco.” Human Rights Quaterly, 27 (3), pp.1069–1119.
Stone, C. 2007. Popular Culture and Nationalism in Lebanon: The Fairouz and Rahbani Nation. Florence, KY: Routledge.
Storm, L. 2007. Democratization in Morocco: The Political Elite and Struggles for Power in the Post-Independence State. London: Routledge.
Tozy, M. 2009. L’évolution du champ religieux marocain au défi de la mondialisation. Revue internationale de politique comparée 16 (1): 63–81.
UNDP. 2005. 50 Years of Human Development & Perspectives to 2025—The Future Is Being Built and the Best Is Possible.
Willis, M.J. 2009. Conclusion: The Dynamics of Reform in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 14 (2): 229–237.
World Bank. 2012. Kingdom of Morocco Promoting Youth Opportunities and Participation.
Zirbel, K.E. 2000. Playing It Both Ways: Local Egyptian Performers Between Regional Identity and International Markets. In Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, ed. W. Ambrust. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zisenwine, D. 2010. The Emergence of Nationalist Politics in Morocco: The Rise of the Independence Party and the Struggle Against Colonialism after World War II. London: I.B. Tauris.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moreno Almeida, C. (2017). Deciphering Moroccan ‘Cool’. In: Rap Beyond Resistance. Pop Music, Culture and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60183-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60183-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60182-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60183-0
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)