Albrecht von Graefe: The Beginnings of Scientific Ophthalmology and Education

Abstract

The nineteenth century saw the true introduction of science into medicine. Perhaps in no subspecialty area was this more true than in ophthalmology. The development Helmholtz’ ophthalmoscope, opening the vista to the posterior segment in vivo, Dondor’s research on refraction and optics, the introduction of topical anesthesia by Koller, and the beginnings of formal ophthalmic education ranks as seminal events within the nineteenth century. Perhaps no individual better represents this trend than Albrecht von Graefe, who in period of a mere 42 years was instrumental in introducing the longest serving ophthalmology journal, the first real practical school of ophthalmology, advances in surgical techniques, and introduction of understanding of the important aspects of glaucoma and the beginnings of potential treatment. Most importantly, Albrecht von Graefe influenced directly and indirectly more individuals in the development of modern ophthalmology than any other. Thus, his figure is a towering touchstone of the development of ophthalmology in the nineteenth century.