Abstract
Magnetic storage is the most important technology for data recording and has progressed very rapidly in the last half century. Although it has reached a high level of refinement, it is still evolving and experimenting new proposals. Random access magnetic memories have been developed or proposed, using the magnetization states of magnetic nanodisks and nanorings ; other solutions include the encoding of information onto a string of magnetic domains, or of skyrmions , in magnetic strips and nanowires . This chapter describes the main concepts behind magnetic recording, aspects of the evolution of the recording technologies, and the current challenges faced by this field to continue its capacity expansion.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
D. Apalkov, A. Khvalkovskiy, S. Watts, V. Nikitin, X. Tang, D. Lottis, K. Moon, X. Luo, E. Chen, A. Ong, A. Driskill-Smith, M. Krounbi, Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 9(2), 13 (2013)
H.N. Bertram, Theory of Magnetic Recording (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994)
B. Bhushan, Tribology and mechanics of magnetic storage devices, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 1996)
S. Bohlens, B. Krüger, A. Drews, M. Bolte, G. Meier, D. Pfannkuche, Current controlled random-access memory based on magnetic vortex handedness. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 142508–3 (2008)
G.W. Burr, B.N. Kurdi, J.C. Scott, C.H. Lam, K. Gopalakrishnan, R.S. Shenoy, Overview of candidate device technologies for storage-class memory. IBM J. Res. Dev. 52, 449–464 (2008)
C. Chappert, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, The emergence of spin electronics in data storage. Nat. Mat. 6, 813–823 (2007)
W.H. Doyle. Magnetic recording technologies: Future technologies. In K.H.J. Buschow, editor, Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, pp. 539–548. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2 edition, 2005
A. Fert, V. Cros, J. Sampaio, Skyrmions on the track. Nat. Nano. 8, 152–156 (2013)
P.P. Freitas, H. Ferreira, S. Cardoso, S. van Dijken, J. Gregg, Nanostructures for spin electronics, in Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures, ed. by D. Sellmyer, R. Skomski (Springer, New York, 2006), pp. 403–460
A.P. Guimarães, Magnetism and Magnetic Resonance in Solids (Wiley, New York, 1998)
G. Han, V. Ko, Z. Guo, H. Meng, Read sensors for greater than 1 Tb/in\(^2\), in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 127–143
X.F. Han, Z.C. Wen, H.X. Wei, Nanoring magnetic tunnel junction and its application in magnetic random access memory demo devices with spin-polarized current switching. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07E933–9 (2008)
G. Ju, W. Challener, Y. Peng, M. Seigler, E. Gage, Heat-assisted magnetic recording, in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 193–222
T. Jungwirth, X. Marti, P. Wadley, J. Wunderlich, Antiferromagnetic spintronics. Nat. Nano. 11, 231–241 (2016)
O. Karlqvist, Calculation of the magnetic field in the ferromagnetic layer of a magnetic drum. Trans. Roy. Inst. Technol. Stockholm 86, 3–27 (1954)
S. Kawata, Y. Kawata, Three-dimensional optical data storage using photochromic materials. Chem. Revs. 100, 1777–1788 (2000)
A.V. Khvalkovskiy, D. Apalkov, S. Watts, R. Chepulskii, R.S. Beach, A. Ong, X. Tang, A. Driskill-Smith, W.H. Butler, P.B. Visscher, D. Lottis, E. Chen, V. Nikitin, M. Krounbi, Basic principles of STT-MRAM cell operation in memory arrays. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46(7), 074001 (2013)
S.K. Kim, K.S. Lee, Y.S. Yu, Y.S. Choi, Reliable low-power control of ultrafast vortex-core switching with the selectivity in an array of vortex states by in-plane circular-rotational magnetic fields and spin-polarized currents. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 022509 (2008)
A. Knoll, P. Bachtold, J. Bonan, G. Cherubini, M. Despont, U. Drechsler, U. Durig, B. Gotsmann, W. Haberle, C. Hagleitner, D. Jubin, M.A. Lantz, A. Pantazi, H. Pozidis, H. Rothuizen, A. Sebastian, R. Stutz, P. Vettiger, D. Wiesmann, E.S. Eleftheriou, Integrating nanotechnology into a working storage device. Microelectron. Eng. 83, 1692–1697 (2006)
Y. Li, A.K. Menon. Magnetic recording technologies: Overview. In K.H.J. Buschow, editor, Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, pp. 627–634. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2 edition, 2005
L. Liu, C.-F. Pai, Y. Li, H.W. Tseng, D.C. Ralph, R.A. Buhrman, Spin-torque switching with the giant spin Hall effect of tantalum. Science 336, 555–558 (2012)
J. Meena, S. Sze, U. Chand, T.-Y. Tseng, Overview of emerging nonvolatile memory technologies. Nanosc. Res. Lett. 9, 526 (2014)
I.M. Miron, K. Garello, G. Gaudin, P.-J. Zermatten, M.V. Costache, S. Auffret, S. Bandiera, B. Rodmacq, A. Schuhl, P. Gambardella, Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection. Nature 476, 189–194 (2011)
S. Parkin, S.-H. Yang, Memory on the racetrack. Nat. Nanotech. 10, 195–198 (2015)
S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong, Developments in Data Storage (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012)
H.J. Richter, The transition from longitudinal to perpendicular recording. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, R149–R177 (2007)
R.E. Rottmayer. Magnetic recording heads: historical perspective and background. In K.H.J. Buschow, editor, Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, pp. 572–582. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2 edition, 2005
R. Sbiaa, Magnetoresistive read heads: fundamentals and functionality, in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 97–126
J. Shi, Magnetization reversal in patterned magnetic nanostructures, in Ultrathin Magnetic Structures, vol. 4, ed. by B. Heinrich, A.C. Bland (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 307–331
L. Shi, R. Zhao, T.C. Chong, Phase change random access memory, in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 277–296
Y. Shiroishi, K. Fukuda, I. Tagawa, H. Iwasaki, S. Takenoiri, H. Tanaka, H. Mutoh, N. Yoshikawa, Future options for HDD storage. IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 3816–3822 (2009)
J. Sinova, S.O. Valenzuela, J. Wunderlich, C.H. Back, T. Jungwirth, Spin Hall effects. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1213–1260 (2015)
J.-U. Thiele, S. Maat, J.L. Robertson, E.E. Fullerton, Magnetic and structural properties of FePt-FeRh exchange spring films for thermally assisted magnetic recording media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 2537–2542 (2004)
T. Thomson, L. Abelman, H. Groenland, Magnetic storage: past, present and future, in Magnetic Nanostructures in Modern Technology, ed. by B. Azzerboni, G. Asti, L. Pareti, M. Ghidini (Springer, Dordrecht, 2008), pp. 237–306
T. Thomson, B.D. Terris, Patterned magnetic recording media: progress and prospects, in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 256–276
R. Tomasello, E. Martinez, R. Zivieri, L. Torres, M. Carpentieri, G. Finocchio, A strategy for the design of skyrmion racetrack memories. Sci. Rep. 4, (2014)
K.L. Wang, J.G. Alzate, P. Khalili Amiri, Low-power non-volatile spintronic memory: STT-RAM and beyond. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 46(7), 074003 (2013)
D. Weller, A. Moser, Thermal effect limits in ultrahigh-density magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 4423–4439 (1999)
R. Wood, M. Williams, A. Kavcic, J. Miles, The feasibility of magnetic recording at 10 Terabits per square inch on conventional media. IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 917–923 (2009)
S.-H. Yang, K.-S. Ryu, S. Parkin, Domain-wall velocities of up to 750 m s-1 driven by exchange-coupling torque in synthetic antiferromagnets. Nat. Nano. 10, 221–226 (2015)
T. Yang, A. Hirohata, L. Vila, T. Kimura, Y. Otani, Vertical stack of Co nanorings with current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance: Experiment and micromagnetic simulation. Phys. Rev. B. 76, 172401–172404 (2007)
R.L. Yaozhang, S.Y.H. Lua, Nonvolatile solid-state magnetic memory, in Developments in Data Storage, ed. by S.N. Piramanayagam, T.C. Chong (Wiley, Hoboken, 2012), pp. 297–325
X. Zhang, G.P. Zhao, H. Fangohr, J.P. Liu, W.X. Xia, J. Xia, F.J. Morvan, Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory. Sci. Rep. 5, (2015)
Y. Zhou, M. Ezawa, A reversible conversion between a skyrmion and a domain-wall pair in a junction geometry. Nat. Commun. 5, (2014)
J.-G. Zhu, Y. Zheng, G.A. Prinz, Ultrahigh density vertical magnetoresistive random access memory. J. Appl. Phys. 87, 6668–6673 (2000)
J.-G. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Tang, Microwave assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 44, 125–131 (2008)
X. Zhu, J.-G. Zhu, A vertical MRAM free of write disturbance. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39, 2854–2856 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guimarães, A.P. (2017). Magnetic Recording. In: Principles of Nanomagnetism. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59409-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59409-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59408-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59409-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)