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Menopause pp 225–247Cite as

The Impact of Hormone Therapy on Health

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Abstract

Hormone therapy (HT) has menopausal symptom control as the main indication. However, and because estrogens have receptors spread over many systems in the body, the use of hormones may have consequences on health. Hormone therapy consists of estrogens essentially, since menopausal symptoms mainly derive from estrogen deprivation at different target tissues. However, the normal ovarian cycle includes the regular secretion of progesterone during the days of the luteal phase. Progesterone has a neutralizing effect over endometrial proliferation, this being the reason for adding progestogens to HT formulations in order to protect endometrium. So, guidelines recommend that women with uterus use estrogen plus progestogens, which may be combined in different forms. And because of that, the impact of HT on health should also consider the specific effects of both estrogens and progestogens in addition to those of only estrogens. While this has turned to be of minor importance in some areas, it is not so in others, like for example the oncological risk.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    Esperanza Navarro-Pardo Ph.D.

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 140, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland

    Tomi S. Mikkola M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Tommaso Simoncini

  4. Hospital Universitario Marqués Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Av Valdecilla, 35, 39008, Santander, Spain

    Marta Millán M.D.

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    María Dolores Juliá M.D. & Antonio Cano

  6. Section of Gynecology and Reproduction, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Tower F, 3rd floor, Av Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain

    María Dolores Juliá M.D.

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  1. Esperanza Navarro-Pardo Ph.D.
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  2. Tomi S. Mikkola M.D., Ph.D.
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  3. Tommaso Simoncini
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  4. Marta Millán M.D.
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  5. María Dolores Juliá M.D.
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  6. Antonio Cano
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Correspondence to Esperanza Navarro-Pardo Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Antonio Cano

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Navarro-Pardo, E., Mikkola, T.S., Simoncini, T., Millán, M., Juliá, M.D., Cano, A. (2017). The Impact of Hormone Therapy on Health. In: Cano, A. (eds) Menopause. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59318-0_14

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