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High Explosives and Propellants Energetics: Their Dissolution and Fate in Soils

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Energetic Materials

Part of the book series: Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics ((COCH,volume 25))

Abstract

Live-fire military training scatters energetic compounds onto range soils. Once deposited on soil the explosives and propellants ingredients can dissolve in water, experience complex interactions with soil constituents, and migrate to groundwater. While in contact with soil these chemicals are also subject to biotic and abiotic (hydrolysis, photolysis, and reaction with metals) transformation both in the solid and in the aqueous state. In this chapter we summarize the current state of knowledge on how energetic residues are deposited on range soils, what the residues look like and how quickly they dissolve. We also describe the key physicochemical properties (aqueous solubility, (S w ) pH, octanol-water partitioning coefficient, (\(K_{ow}\))) of the energetic compounds in high explosives and propellants and how these parameters influence their biogeochemical interactions with soil. Knowing the reaction routes of these chemicals will help us understand their fate, their ecological impact, and how to enhance in situ remediation.

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Abbreviations

2-ADNT:

2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene

4-ADNT:

4-amino-2,6,-dinitrotoluene

2,4-DANT:

2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene

2,6-DANT:

2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene

2,4-DNT:

2,4-dinitrotoluene

2,6-DNT:

2,6-dinitrotoluene

ATSDR:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

Comp B:

Composition B, a high explosive composed of 60-39-1, RDX-TNT-wax

DoD:

Department of Defense

DNX:

Hexahydro-3,5-dinitroso-1-nitro-1,3,5-triazine

EDAX:

Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer

EOD:

Explosives ordnance disposal

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

ERDC:

Engineer Research and Development Center

ER:

Environmental restoration

HE:

High explosive

HMX:

Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

K d :

Soil adsorption coefficient

K ow :

Octanol-water partition coefficient

K OC :

Organic carbon adsorption coefficient

MC:

Munitions constituent

MNX:

Hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-triazine

NC:

Nitrocellulose

NC or NC + 2,4-DNT:

Single-base propellant

NC + NG:

Double-base propellant

NC + NG + NQ:

Triple-base propellant

NDAB:

Nitro-2,4-diazabutanal

NG:

Nitroglycerin

NQ:

Nitroguanidine

NT:

Nitrotoluene

OC:

Organic carbon

OM:

Organic matter

pKa :

Acid disassociation constant

RDX:

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

S w :

Aqueous solubility

TAT:

2,4,6-triaminotoluene

TNT:

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

TNX:

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine

Tritonal:

Explosive made from ~80% TNT and 20% aluminum

UXO:

Unexploded ordnance

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Acknowledgements

We thank the US Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) for supporting the research summarized in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0158, USA

    Katerina Dontsova

  2. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 03766, USA

    Susan Taylor

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  1. Katerina Dontsova
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Correspondence to Katerina Dontsova .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA

    Manoj K. Shukla

  2. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, USA

    Veera M. Boddu

  3. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA

    Jeffery A. Steevens

  4. US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Picatinny, New Jersey, USA

    Reddy Damavarapu

  5. Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA

    Jerzy Leszczynski

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Dontsova, K., Taylor, S. (2017). High Explosives and Propellants Energetics: Their Dissolution and Fate in Soils. In: Shukla, M., Boddu, V., Steevens, J., Damavarapu, R., Leszczynski, J. (eds) Energetic Materials. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59208-4_11

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