Advertisement

Dietary Patterns, Foods and Fiber in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diverticular Disease

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Nutrition and Health book series (NH)

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common gastrointestinal disorder occurring in people <45 years. Diverticular disease is among the most clinically and economically significant gastroenterological conditions in people ≥65 years of age. Having a history of IBS appears to increase the risk of diverticular disease in older age. IBS, previously called colitis, does not generally show visible structural or anatomic abnormalities, but is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, distension, and changes in bowel habits. Celiac disease may be confounding and difficult to distinguish from IBS symptoms. Diverticular disease may evolve from colonic diverticulae (herniate pouches) potentially caused by high colonic intraluminal pressure which occurs in most people with aging but only approximately 20% of individuals with diverticulae develop abdominal symptoms (symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease). A smaller percentage of older individuals eventually develop complications such as severe bouts of diverticulitis or bleeding that may lead to sepsis and death. Healthy dietary patterns and low intake of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) may help to lower the risk and alleviate symptoms associated with IBS and diverticular disease. For IBS, psyllium is the fiber source most consistently found to help provide moderate relief of symptoms. For uncomplicated diverticular disease, fiber-rich healthy diets and low red or processed meat consumption decrease the risk, and fiber-rich diets, and foods or supplements containing wheat bran, psyllium or methylcellulose may help to alleviate diverticular disease symptoms and/or improve bowel function. Fiber related mechanisms that may help reduce risk or manage symptoms of IBS or uncomplicated diverticular disease are related to: (1) improved colonic health by promoting better laxation and stool bulk, and a healthier microbiota ecosystem with higher fecal ratio of probiotic to pathogenic bacteria and higher butyrate concentrations associated with lower colonic inflammation and improved colonocyte structure and function; and (2) reduced risk or rate of annual body weight and central abdominal fat gains (or promotion of a gradual lowering of body weight and waist size in overweight or obese individuals).

Keywords

Irritable bowel syndrome Diverticular disease Colon microbiota Dietary fiber Western dietary pattern Healthy dietary pattern Low FODMAP diets Butyrate Psyllium Wheat bran Celiac disease 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Definition and facts for irritable bowel syndrome. 2015. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/definition-facts.aspx www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov. Accessed 6 Jul 2016.
  2. 2.
    Wilkins T, Pepitone C, Alex B, Schade RR. Diagnosis and management of IBS in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(5):419–26.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Statistics. 2016. http://aboutibs.org/facts-about-ibs/statistics.html. Accessed 6 Jul 2016.
  4. 4.
    Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:712–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Lovell RM, Ford AC. Effect of gender on prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:991–1000.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Staudacher HM, Irving PM, Lomer MCE, Whelan K. Mechanisms and efficacy of dietary FODMAP restriction in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;1(4):256–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    El-Salhy M, Ostgaardi H, Gundersen D. The role of diet in the pathogenesis and management of irritable bowel syndrome (review). Int J Mol Med. 2012;29:723–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Barbara G, Cremon C, Carini G, et al. The immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17:349–59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Tursi A. Diverticulosis today: unfashionable and still under-researched. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9(2):213–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Templeton AW, Strate LL. Updates in diverticular disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;15(8):339–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Jacobs DO. Diverticulitis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2057–66.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Tursi A, Papagrigoriadis S. Review article: the current and evolving treatment of colonic diverticular disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:532–46.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Tursi A. Diverticular disease: a therapeutic overview. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2010;1(1):27–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Tursi A, Papa A, Danese S. Review article: the pathophysiology and medical management of diverticulosis and diverticular disease of the colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:664–84.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Muhammad A, Lamendola O, Daas A, et al. Association between colonic diverticulosis and prevalence of colorectal polyps. Int J Color Dis. 2014;29(8):947–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Cuomo R, Barbara G, Andreozzi P, et al. Symptom patterns can distinguish diverticular disease from irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Clin Investig. 2013;43(11):1147–55.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Wijarnpreecha K, Upala S. Risk of colorectal adenomas, advanced adenomas and cancer in patients with colonic diverticular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc. 2017;29:71–82.  https://doi.org/10.1111/den12701.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Painter NS, Burkitt DP. Diverticular disease of the colon: a deficiency disease of western civilization. BMJ. 1971;2:450–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Reinhard T. Diverticular disease—a reexamination of the fiber hypothesis. Today’s Dietitian. 2014;16(3):46.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Uno Y, Velkinburgh JC. Logical hypothesis: low FODMAP diet to prevent diverticulitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2016;7(4):503–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Strate LL, Keeley BR, Cao Y, et al. Western dietary pattern increases and prudent dietary pattern decreases, risk of incident diverticulitis in a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):1023–30.  https://doi.org/10.1053/jgastro.2016.12.038.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Commane DM, Arasaradnam RP, Mills S, et al. Diet, ageing and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(20):2479–88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Wilkins T, Embey K, George R. Diagnosis and management of acute diverticulitis. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(9):612–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Wick JY. Diverticular disease: eat your fiber? Consult Pharm. 2012;27(9):613–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Aldoori W, Ryan-Harshman M. Preventing diverticular disease. Review of recent evidence on high-fibre diets. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:1632–7.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Sheth AA, Longo W, Floch MH. Diverticular disease and diverticulitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1550–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Tursi A, Elisei W, Picchio M, et al. Moderate to severe and prolonged left lower-abdominal pain is the best symptom characterizing symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon: a comparison with fecal calprotectin in clinical setting. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49(3):218–21.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Jeyarajah S, Akbar N, Moorhead J, et al. A clinicopathological study of serotonin of the sigmoid colon mucosa in association with chronic symptoms in uncomplicated diverticulosis. Int J Color Dis. 2012;27(12):1597–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Krokowicz L, Stojcev Z, Kaczmarek FB, et al. Microencapsulated sodium butyrate administered to patients with diverticulosis decreases incidence of diverticulitis—a prospective randomized study. Int J Color Dis. 2014;29:387–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Daniels L, Budding AE, de Korte K, et al. Fecal microbiome analysis as a diagnostic test for diverticulitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(11):1927–36.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Jung H-K, Choung RS, Locke GR, et al. Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome is associated with diverticular disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):652–61.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:S2–S26.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Rao SSC, Yu S, Fedewa A. Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(12):1256–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, et al. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:634–41.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Simrén M, Månsson A, Langkilde AM, et al. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 2001;63:108–15.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome-etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:667–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Cuomo R, Andreozzi P, Zito FP, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and food interaction. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(27):8837–45.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    De Giorgio R, Volta U, Gibson PR. Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction? Gut. 2016;65:169–78.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH, Hausken T. The relation between celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr J. 2015;14:92.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0080-6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Sainsbury A, Sanders DS, Ford AC. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome–type symptoms in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:359–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Whelan K, Abrahmsohn O, David GJP, et al. Fructan content of commonly consumed wheat, rye and gluten-free breads. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62(5):498–503.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Lacy BE, Gabbard SL, Crowell MD. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air? Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;7(11):729–39.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired transit and tolerance of intestinal gas in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2001;48:14–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:1366–73.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Sinagra E, Pompei G, Tomasello G, et al. Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome: myth or new treatment target? World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(7):2242–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Zhang L, Song J, Hou X. Mast cell and irritable bowel syndrome: from the bench to the bedside. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(2):181–92.  https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm15137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Reed DE, Barajas-Lopez C, Cottrell G, et al. Mast cell tryptase and proteinase-activated receptor 2 induce hyperexcitability of guinea-pig submucosal neurons. J Physiol. 2003;547(2):531–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:693–702.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Guilarte M, Santos J, de Torres I, et al. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum. Gut. 2007;56:203–39.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Scalbert A, Brennan L, Manach C, et al. The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:1286–308.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    McIntosh K, Reed DE, Schneider T, et al. FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2016;66(7):1241–51.  https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311339.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Distrutti E, Monaldi L, Ricci P, Fiorucci S. Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: new therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(7):2219–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Simrén M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, et al. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut. 2013;62(1):159–76.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Jalanka-Tuovinen J, Salojarvi J, Salonen A, et al. Faecal microbiota composition and host-microbe cross-talk following gastroenteritis and in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2014;63(11):1737–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, et al. Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(6):817–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Bonfrate L, Tack J, Grattagliano I, et al. Microbiota in health and irritable bowel syndrome: current knowledge, perspectives and therapeutic options. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:995–1009.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Benno P, Dahlgren A-L, Befrits R, et al. From IBS to DBS: the dysbiotic bowel syndrome. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2016;4(2):2324709616648458.  https://doi.org/10.1177/2324709616648458.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Dahl WJ, Stewart ML. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: health implications of dietary fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:1861–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA J. 2010;8(3):1462.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Moayyedi P, Quigley EMM, Lacy BE, et al. The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1367–74.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Nagarajana N, Mordena A, Bischof D, et al. The role of fiber supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27(9):1002–10.  https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000000425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Bijkerk CJ, de Wit NJ, Muris JW, et al. Soluble or insoluble fibre in irritable bowel syndrome in primary care? Randomised placebo controlled trial. Br Med J. 2009;339:b3154.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Jalihal A, Kurian G. Ispaghula therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in overall well-being is related to reduction in bowel dissatisfaction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1990;5:507–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1987;28:1510–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Kumar A, Kumar N, Vij JC, et al. Optimum dosage of ispaghula husk in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: correlation of symptom relief with whole gut transit time and stool weight. Gut. 1987;28:150–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Nigam P, Kapoor KK, Rastog CK, et al. Different therapeutic regimens in irritable bowel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India. 1984;32:1041–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Arthurs Y, Fielding JF. Double blind trial of ispaghula/poloxamer in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ir Med J. 1983;76:253.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Longstreth GF, Fox DD, Youkeles L, et al. Psyllium therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:53–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Ritchie JA, Truelove SC. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with lorazepam, hyoscine butylbromide, and ispaghula husk. Br Med J. 1979;1:376–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Niv E, Halak A, Tiommny E, et al. Randomized clinical study: partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:10.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0070-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Russo L, Andreozzi P, Zito FP, et al. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: effects of gender, age and body mass index. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(2):104–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Parisi GC, Zilli M, Miani MP, et al. High-fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) a multicenter, randomized, open trial comparison between wheat bran diet and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(8):1697–704.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Xu L, Yu W, Jiang J, et al. Efficacy of pectin in the treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2015;18(3):267–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Rees G, Davies J, Thompson R, et al. Randomised-controlled trial of a fibre supplement on the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. J R Soc Prom Health. 2005;125:30–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Lucey MR, Clark ML, Lowndes JO, et al. Is bran efficacious in irritable bowel syndrome? A double-blind placebo controlled crossover study. Gut. 1987;28:221–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Kruis W, Weinzierl P, Schussler P, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of wheat bran and placebo in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 1986;34:196–201.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Manning AP, Heaton KW, Harvey RF. Wheat fibre and irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet. 1977;2(8035):417–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Soltoft J, Gudmand-Hoyer E, Krag B, et al. A double-blind trial of the effect of wheat bran on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet. 1977;8034:270–2.Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Quigley EMM, Fried M, Gwee K-A, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective. World Gastroenterol Org Guidelines 2015;19–20.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:252–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Muir JG, Shepherd SJ, Rosella O, et al. Fructan and free fructose content of common Australian vegetables and fruit. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:6619–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Marsh A, Eslick EM, Eslick GD. Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2015;55(3):897–906.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0922-1.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Böhn L, Störsrud S, Liljebo T, et al. Diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as traditional dietary advice: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:1399–407.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Yoon SR, Lee JH, Lee JH, et al. Low-FODMAP formula improves diarrhea and nutritional status in hospitalized patients receiving enteral nutrition: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. Nutr J. 2015;14:116.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0106-0.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, et al. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:67–75.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Pedersen N, Andersen NN, Vegh Z, et al. Ehealth: low FODMAP diet vs lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:16215–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology. 2013;145:320–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    de Roest RH, Dobbs BR, Chapman BA, et al. The low FODMAP diet improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67:895–903.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Varju P, Farkas N, Hegyi P et al. Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet improves symptoms in adults suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared to standard IBS diet: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0182942.Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Strate LL. Lifestyle factors and the course of diverticular disease. Dig Dis. 2012;30:35–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Horner JL. Natural history of diverticulosis of the colon. Am J Dig Dis. 1958;3(5):343–50.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Strate LL, Liu YL, Syngal S, et al. Nut, corn and popcorn consumption and the incidence of diverticular disease. JAMA. 2008;300(8):907–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Böhm SK. Risk factors for diverticulosis, diverticulitis, diverticular perforation, and bleeding: a plea for more subtle history taking. Viszeralmedizin. 2015;31:84–94.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:221–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95.
    Sharara AI, El-Halabi MM, Mansour NM, et al. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for colonic diverticulosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(5):420–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. 96.
    Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. BMJ. 2011;343:d4131.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj. d4131.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Diverticular disease. 2013. NIH Publication No. 13–1163.Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Aldoori W, Ryan-Harshman M. Preventing diverticular disease. Review of recent evidence on high-fibre diets. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:1632–5.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Tarleton S, DiBaise JK. Low-residue diet in diverticular disease: putting an end to a myth. Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:137–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Gear JS, Ware A, Fursdon P, et al. Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre. Lancet. 1979;1(8115):511–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Peery AF, Sandler RS, Ahnen DJ, et al. Constipation and a low-fiber diet are not associated with diverticulosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(12):1622–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Peery AF, Barrett PR, Park D, et al. A high-fiber diet does not protect against asymptomatic diverticulosis. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(2):266–72.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Crowe FL, Balkwill A, Cairns BJ, et al. Source of dietary fibre and diverticular disease incidence: a prospective study of UK women. Gut. 2014;63:1450–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rockett HRH, et al. Prospective study of dietary fiber types and symptomatic diverticular disease in men. J Nutr. 1998;128:714–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of diet and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:757–64.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Lahner E, Esposito G, Zullo A, et al. High fibre diet and Lactobacillus paracasei B21060 in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(41):5918–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107.
    Smits BJ, Whitehead AM, Prescott P. Lactulose in the treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease: a comparative study with high-fibre diet. Br J Clin Pract. 1990;44:314–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    Ornstein MH, Littlewood ER, Baird IM, et al. Are fibre supplements really necessary in diverticular disease of the colon? A controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 1981;282:1353–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    Brodribb AJ. Treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease with a high fibre diet. Lancet. 1977;1:664–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. 110.
    Hodgson WJ. The placebo effect. It is important in diverticular disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 1977;67:157–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. 111.
    Taylor I, Duthie HL. Bran tablets and diverticular disease. Br Med J. 1976;1(6016):988–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112.
    Leahy AL, Ellis RM, Quill DS, Peel ALG. High fibre diet in symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1985;67(3):173–4.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    Hyland JM, Taylor I. Does a high fibre diet prevent the complications of diverticular disease? Br J Surg. 1980;67:77–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. 114.
    Eastwood MA, Smith AN, Brydon WG, et al. Comparison of bran, ispaghula, and lactulose on colon function in diverticular disease. Gut. 1978;19:1144–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. 115.
    Brodribb AJ, Humphreys DM. Diverticular disease: three studies. III. Metabolic effect of bran in patients, with diverticular disease. Br Med J. 1976;1(6007):428–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Painter NS, Almeida AZ, Colebourne KW. Unprocessed bran in treatment of diverticular disease of the colon. Br Med J. 1972;2(5806):137–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Carabotti M, Annibale B, Severi C, Lahner E. Role of fiber in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease: a systematic review. Forum Nutr. 2017;9:161.  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020161.Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Unlu C, Daniles L, Vrouenraets BC, et al. A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27:419–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119.
    Maconi G, Barbara G, Bosetti C, et al. Treatment of diverticular disease of the colon and prevention of acute diverticulitis: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54(10):1326–38.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA), Parma, Italy. EFSA J. 2010;8(3):1462.Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Slavin JL. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1716–31.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Slavin J. Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Forum Nutr. 2013;5:1417–35.Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    Eswaran S, Muir J, Chey WD. Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):718–27.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. 124.
    Cummings JH. The effect of dietary fiber on fecal weight and composition. In: Spiller GA, editor. CRC handbook of dietary fiber in human nutrition. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC; 2001. p. 183–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 125.
    Stevens J, VanSoest PJ, Robertson JB, Levitsky DA. Comparisons of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics. J Am Diet Assoc. 1988;88(3):323–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. 126.
    de Vries J, Miller PE, Verbeke K. Effects of cereal fiber on bowel function: a systematic review of intervention trials. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8952–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. 127.
    Koh A, De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Backhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016;165:1332–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. 128.
    Pituch-Zdanowska A, Banaszkiewicz A, Albrecht P. The role of dietary fibre in inflammatory bowel disease. Prz Gastroenterol. 2015;10(3):135–41.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  129. 129.
    Conlon MA, Bird AR. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Forum Nutr. 2015;7:17–44.Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Lynch DB, Jeffery IB, Cusack S, et al. Diet microbiota health interactions in older subjects: implications for healthy aging. Interdiscip Top Gerontol. 2015;40:141–54.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  131. 131.
    Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature. 2012;488:178–85.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, et al. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:104–19.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 133.
    Kopylov U, Ben-Horin S, Lahat A, et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and the risk of development of colonic diverticulosis. Digestion. 2012;86:201–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. 134.
    Nagata N, Sakamoto K, Arai T, et al. Visceral fat accumulation affects risk of colonic diverticular hemorrhage. Int J Color Dis. 2015;30(10):1399–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. 135.
    Strate LL, Liu YL, Aldoori WH, et al. Obesity increases the risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:115–22.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    Hjern F, Wolk A, Hakansson N. Obesity, physical inactivity, and colonic diverticular disease requiring hospitalization in women: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:296–302.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 137.
    Slavin JL. Dietary fiber and body weight. Nutrition. 2005;21:411–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. 138.
    Davis JN, Hodges VA, Gillham B. Normal-weight adults consume more fiber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:833–40.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. 139.
    Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:920–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  140. 140.
    Fogelholm M, Anderssen S, Gunnarsdottir I, Lahti-Koski M. Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review. Food Nutr Res. 2012:56.  https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v56i0.19103.
  141. 141.
    Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, et al. High-fibre, low-fat diet predicts long-term weight loss and decreased type 2 diabetes risk: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia. 2006;49:912–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. 142.
    Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Wang J, et al. Single-component versus multi-component dietary goals for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:248–57.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  143. 143.
    Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC). Scientific Report. Advisory report to the secretary of health and human services and the secretary of agriculture. Part D. Chapter 2: Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients and health outcomes. 2015;1–35.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Nutrition Science Solutions LLCWimberleyUSA

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter