Abstract
Urbanization, land reclamation, and road construction are the major human impacts on the desert ecosystem. These man-made habitats represent species-rich environments due to habitat heterogeneity and diverse disturbances. New urban industrial cities were examined in terms of their synanthropic vegetation in the distinguished five main habitats (from inner city towards surroundings): lawns, home gardens, public gardens, waste lands, and desert outskirts. The soil–vegetation relationships in each of the recognized habitat were investigated. Distribution patterns of weed species in the cultivations of desert-reclaimed lands along the northern sector of the Nile Valley were studied. The weed flora of that sector was compared to other relevant studies in adjacent desert-reclaimed lands. The application of redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated the effect of edaphic factors on the spatial distribution of weed communities revealed that soil organic matter, coarse sand, fine sand, silt, and soil saturation point were of significant variations among the separated vegetation (site) groups. Vegetation analysis and species composition and chorological affinities along desert roads in the Eastern Desert using multivariate techniques were demonstrated. The allocation of each of the separated vegetation groups was displayed on the studied roads.
The original version of this chapter was revised. An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3_14
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Appendices
Appendix
Floristic composition of the five main habitats in the studies cities
Species | WL | L | HG | PG | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) Cultivated (ornamental, hedges, shade, fodder, vegetables, fruits) | |||||
Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd. | 2 | 15.4 | 2.6 | ||
Agave americana L. subsp. americana | 4.4 | ||||
Allium cepa L. | 3.8 | ||||
Aloe vera L. | 4.4 | ||||
Anethum graveolens L. | 2 | 2.6 | |||
Arachis hypogaea L. | 4.4 | ||||
Capsicum frutescens L. | 8.7 | ||||
Cassia fistula L. | 5.1 | ||||
Cassia nodosa Roxb. | 7.7 | ||||
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. | 4.1 | 2.6 | |||
Ceratonia siliqua L. | 2 | ||||
Citrullus vulgaris L. | 2 | ||||
Clerodendrum acerbianum (Vis.) Benth. & Hook. f. | 2.6 | ||||
Cupressus sempervirens L. | 11.5 | 8.7 | |||
Daucus carota L. | 7.7 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq . | 6.1 | 21.7 | 10.3 | ||
Enterolobium contortisiliqum (Vell.) Morong. | 5.1 | ||||
Eruca sativa Mill. | 2 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 2.6 | |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Faba vulgaris L. | 4.4 | ||||
Ficus carica L. | 4.4 | ||||
Ficus elastica Roxb.ex Hornem. var. decora | 3.8 | 10.3 | |||
Ficus nitida Thunb. | 6.1 | 26.9 | 39.1 | 28.2 | |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 2 | 3.8 | 13 | 5.1 | |
Hibiscus esculentus L. | 4.4 | ||||
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | 7.7 | 4.4 | 5.1 | ||
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | 8.7 | ||||
Ipomoea batatas L. | 2 | ||||
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. | 4.4 | ||||
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don | 2.6 | ||||
Lantana camara L . | 3.8 | 2.6 | |||
Linum usitatissimum L. | 3.8 | ||||
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. | 2.6 | ||||
Mangifera indica L. | 2 | ||||
Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa | 3.8 | 4.4 | 5.1 | ||
Mentha piperita L. | 4.4 | ||||
Morus alba L. | 2 | ||||
Musa nana Lour. | 2 | ||||
Nerium oleander L. | 50 | 21.7 | 20.5 | 3.6 | |
Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham | 10.2 | ||||
Ocimum basilicum L. | 2 | 3.8 | 21.7 | ||
Olea europaea L. | 6.1 | 4.4 | |||
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill | 4.1 | ||||
Pelargonium zonale (L.) Ľ Hér. ex Ait | 3.8 | 2.6 | |||
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A. W. Hill | 4.4 | ||||
Phoenix dactylifera L. | 8.2 | 7.7 | 21.7 | 18 | 3.6 |
Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. | 19.2 | 13 | 28.2 | ||
Psidium guajava L. | 4.4 | ||||
Raphanus sativus L. | 4.4 | ||||
Ricinus communis L. | 4.1 | 13 | 12.8 | 3.6 | |
Rosa sp. | 8.7 | ||||
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi | 15.4 | 4.4 | 12.8 | ||
Sesbania sesban (L .) Merr. | 10.2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 3.6 | |
Solanum melongena L. | 4.4 | ||||
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex HBK. | 4.4 | 2.6 | |||
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. | 15.4 | 5.1 | |||
Platycladus orientalis (Lufi) Franco | 10.2 | ||||
Trifolium alexandrinum L. | 4.4 | ||||
Triticum aestivum L. | 3.8 | ||||
Vitex agnus-custus L. | 3.8 | ||||
Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. | 15.4 | 10.2 | |||
Zea mays L. | 17.4 | ||||
(II) Wetlands, canal banks , salinized areas, etc. | |||||
Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. | 2 | ||||
Atriplex halimus L. | 6.1 | 3.6 | |||
Atriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. Inflata (F.Mull.) P.G.Wilson | 8.2 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 3.6 | |
Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S. G. Smith | 3.8 | ||||
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. | 6.1 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 3.6 | |
Cyperus articulatus L. | 7.7 | 2.6 | |||
Cyperus difformis L. | 2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Cyperus laevigatus L. | 2 | 3.8 | |||
Cyperus rotundus L. | 6.1 | 53.8 | 21.7 | 18 | 3.6 |
Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf | 14.3 | 26.9 | 17.4 | 46.2 | 3.6 |
Epilobium hirsutum L. | 3.6 | ||||
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani | 2 | ||||
Juncus rigidus Desf. | 2 | 3.8 | |||
Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth | 2 | 7.7 | 5.1 | ||
Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) P. H. Raven | 2 | ||||
Panicum repens L. | 7.7 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf. | 2.6 | ||||
Paspalum distichum L. | 3.8 | 10.3 | |||
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | 20.4 | 18 | 17.9 | ||
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. | 32.6 | 11.5 | 17.4 | 18 | 21.4 |
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | 3.8 | ||||
Spergularia marina (L.)Bessler | 2.6 | ||||
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge | 49 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 53.6 | |
Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud. | 8.2 | 2.6 | 7.1 | ||
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. | 4.1 | ||||
(III) Dry lands | |||||
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult | 8.2 | 7.1 | |||
Aizoon canariense L. | 6.1 | 17.9 | |||
Alhagi graecorum Boiss . | 18.4 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 7.1 | |
Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. | 4.1 | 25 | |||
Arisarum vulgare Targ.Tozz. | 7.1 | ||||
Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kralik | 7.1 | ||||
Artemisia monosperma Delile | 12.2 | 17.9 | |||
Asphodelus aestivus Bort. | 17.9 | ||||
Astragalus caprinus L. | 3.6 | ||||
Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. | 4.1 | 3.6 | |||
Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C. Chr. | 4.1 | 7.1 | |||
Bassia indica (Wight) A. J. Scott | 57.1 | 34.6 | 17.4 | 33.4 | 39.3 |
Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. | 6.1 | 4.4 | 14.3 | ||
Brassica tournefortii Gouan | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Calligonum polygonoides L. | 14.3 | 28.6 | |||
Centaurea alexandrina Delile | 2 | 10.7 | |||
Centaurea glomerata Vahl | 7.1 | ||||
Centropodia forsskaolii (Vahl) Cope | 20.4 | 17.9 | |||
Chiliadenus montanus (Vahl) Brullo | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. | 2 | 14.3 | |||
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf. | 2 | ||||
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrd . | 2 | ||||
Convolvulus hystrix Vahl | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Convolvulus lanatus Vahl | 14.3 | 3.6 | |||
Cornulaca monacantha Delile | 7.1 | ||||
Cotula cinerea Delile | 6.1 | 7.1 | |||
Crepis micrantha Czerep | 3.6 | ||||
Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Batt. & Trab. | 2.6 | ||||
Cynanchum acutum L. subsp. acutum | 38.8 | 19.2 | 43.5 | 25.6 | 21.4 |
Cynara cornigera Lindl. | 2 | ||||
Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC. | 26.5 | 57.1 | |||
Echinops spinosus L. | 8.2 | 7.1 | |||
Echium angustifolium Mill. | 2 | 3.8 | 10.7 | ||
Enarthrocarpus strangatulus Boiss. | 3.6 | ||||
Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L’ Hėr. | 6.1 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 7.1 | |
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. | 2 | ||||
Eryngium creticum Lam. | 8.2 | 7.1 | |||
Fagonia arabica L. | 4.1 | 21.4 | |||
Fagonia cretica L. | 4.1 | 3.6 | |||
Farsetia aegyptia Turra | 22.5 | 42.9 | |||
Filago desertorum Pomel | 3.6 | ||||
Forsskaolea tenacissima L. | 4.1 | 4.4 | 7.1 | ||
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Tzvelev | 2.6 | ||||
Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach. | 10.7 | ||||
Gymnocarpos decanter Forssk. | 17.9 | ||||
Haloxylon salicornicum Bunge ex Boiss. | 8.2 | 17.9 | |||
Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) Juss. | 4.1 | 7.1 | |||
Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum. Cours. | 6.1 | 7.1 | |||
Heliotropium digynum (Forssk.) Asch. ex C. Chr. | 2 | 7.1 | |||
Herniaria hemistemon J. Gay. | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Hyoscyamus muticus L. | 16.3 | 5.1 | 35.7 | ||
Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. | 2 | ||||
Iphiona scarbra DC. | 3.6 | ||||
Launaea amal-aminae N. Kilian | 10.2 | 15.8 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 3.6 |
Launaea capitata (Spreng.) Dandy | 2 | 2.6 | |||
Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. | 55.1 | 7.7 | 17.4 | 18 | 46.4 |
Launaea fragilis (Asso) Pau | 2.6 | 3.6 | |||
Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. ex Kuntze | 2.6 | ||||
Linaria albifrons (Sm.) Spreng. | 8.2 | ||||
Lycium europaeum L. | 10.7 | ||||
Marrubium alysson L. | 2 | ||||
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. | 4.1 | 10.7 | |||
Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Boiss. | 2 | 10.7 | |||
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. | 3.6 | ||||
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I. M. Johnst. | 6.1 | 10.7 | |||
Monsonia nivea (Decne.) Webb | 2 | 10.7 | |||
Neurada procumbens L. | 3.6 | ||||
Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. | 4.1 | 3.6 | |||
Panicum turgidum Forssk . | 6.1 | 10.7 | |||
Peganum harmala L. | 6.1 | ||||
Pergularia tomentosa L. | 8.2 | 7.1 | |||
Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. | 10.7 | ||||
Picris longirostris Sch. Bip. | 2 | ||||
Plantago crypsoides Boiss. | 2 | ||||
Plantago notata Lag. | 3.6 | ||||
Polycarpaea repens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. | 10.2 | 25 | |||
Polygonum bellardii All. | 5.1 | ||||
Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass. | 2 | ||||
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey. subsp. undulata | 18.4 | 3.8 | 39.3 | ||
Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach | 3.6 | ||||
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth | 2.6 | 10.7 | |||
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.subsp. raetam | 4.1 | 7.1 | |||
Salsola kali L. | 4.1 | 3.6 | |||
Salvia aegyptiaca L. | 14.3 | ||||
Salvia lanigera Poir. | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. | 2 | 4.4 | 3.6 | ||
Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Steud. ex Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter | 8.2 | 7.1 | |||
Stipagrostis plumosa (L.) Munro ex T. Anderson | 14.3 | 25 | |||
Stipagrostis scoparia (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter | 3.6 | ||||
Suaeda vermiculata Forssk . ex J. F.Gmel | 10.2 | 3.8 | 14.3 | ||
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. | 8.2 | 17.8 | |||
Thymus capitatus (L.) Link | 10.7 | ||||
Traganum nudatum Delile | 3.6 | ||||
Tribulus terrestris L. | 6.1 | 26.9 | 13 | 20.5 | |
Trigonella stellata Forssk. | 4.1 | 3.8 | |||
Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl | 16.3 | 25 | |||
Zygophyllum aegyptium Hosny | 3.6 | ||||
Zygophyllum coccineum L. | 2 | ||||
Zygophyllum simplex L. | 10.2 | 14.3 | |||
(IV) Weeds of arable lands | |||||
Achillea santolina L. | 2 | 7.1 | |||
Adonis dentata Delile | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Amaranthus graecizans L. | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 3.6 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. | 2.6 | ||||
Amaranthus lividus L. | 20.4 | 46.2 | 34.8 | 43.6 | 3.6 |
Ammi majus L. | 4.1 | 3.8 | 5.1 | ||
Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis var. arvensis | 6.1 | 19.2 | 8.7 | 12.8 | |
Anagallis arvensis L. subsp.arvensis var. caerulea Gouan | 4.1 | 7.7 | 13 | 5.1 | |
Avena fatua L. | 6.1 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 3.6 | |
Avena sativa L. | 3.8 | 10.3 | |||
Beta vulgaris L. subsp . maritima (L.) Arcang. | 6.1 | 8.7 | 5.1 | ||
Bidens pilosa L. | 4.1 | 47.8 | 41 | ||
Brachiaria reptans (L.) C. A. Gardner & C. E. Hubb. | 3.8 | 4.4 | |||
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch | 2.6 | ||||
Bromus catharticus Vahl | 19.2 | 17.4 | 38.5 | ||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | 5.1 | ||||
Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & Blanche) Bornm. subsp. Foliosus Hanelt | 2 | 7.1 | |||
Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. L. Green | 3.6 | ||||
Cenchrus ciliaris L. | 38.8 | 50 | 60.9 | 53.9 | 10.7 |
Chenopodium album L. | 2 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 3.6 |
Chenopodium glaucum L. | 2.6 | ||||
Chenopodium murale L. | 22.5 | 19.2 | 26.1 | 38.5 | |
Chloris virgata Sw. | 2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 7.1 | |
Cichorium endivia L. subsp. divaricatum (Schousb.) P. D. Sell | 4.1 | 11.5 | 4.4 | 2.6 | |
Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb. | 2 | 3.6 | |||
Convolvulus althaeoides L. var. pedatus Choisy | 2 | ||||
Convolvulus arvensis L. | 10.2 | 50 | 30.4 | 46.2 | 3.6 |
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist | 26.5 | 53.8 | 65.2 | 51.3 | 10.7 |
Corchorus olitorius L. | 2 | 8.7 | |||
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. | 2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. | 4.4 | ||||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers . | 40.8 | 100 | 87 | 82.1 | 3.6 |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. | 2 | 7.7 | 13 | 7.7 | |
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. | 12.2 | 26.9 | 26.1 | 25.6 | 3.6 |
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. | 2 | 4.4 | |||
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link | 6.1 | 30.8 | 21.7 | 28.2 | 3.6 |
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. | 4.4 | 2.6 | |||
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. | 3.8 | ||||
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. | 14.3 | 23.1 | 73.9 | 64.1 | 3.6 |
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trott. | 5.1 | ||||
Euphorbia forsskaolii J. Gay | 2.6 | ||||
Euphorbia granulata Forssk. | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 2.6 | |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. | 4.4 | 2.6 | |||
Euphorbia hirta L. | 3.8 | 17.4 | 7.7 | ||
Euphorbia indica Lam. | 3.8 | ||||
Euphorbia peplus L. | 6.1 | 7.7 | 13 | 15.4 | |
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton | 12.2 | 11.5 | 26.1 | 5.1 | |
Euphorbia retusa Forssk. | 6.1 | 4.4 | 7.7 | ||
Hibiscus trionum L. | 3.8 | ||||
Hordeum murinum L. | 6.1 | 15.4 | 7.7 | 3.6 | |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. | 40.8 | 26.9 | 17.4 | 41 | 10.7 |
Lactuca serriola L. | 12.2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Lolium perenne L . | 11.5 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 3.6 | |
Lolium rigidum Gaudin | 3.8 | 4.4 | 10.3 | ||
Lotus glaber Mill. | 6.1 | 38.5 | 8.7 | 20.5 | |
Lotus hebranicus Hochst. ex Brand | 2 | ||||
Malva parviflora L. | 24.5 | 50 | 52.2 | 48.7 | 3.6 |
Malva sylvestris L. | 2.6 | ||||
Matricaria recutita L. | 3.8 | 4.4 | |||
Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill. var. ciliaris (L.) Heyn | 2 | 3.8 | 7.7 | ||
Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. | 3.6 | ||||
Medicago lupulina L. | 3.8 | 4.4 | 7.7 | ||
Medicago polymorpha L. | 6.1 | 11.5 | 17.4 | 20.5 | |
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. | 4.1 | 15.4 | 13 | 18 | |
Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. & Schweinf. | 7.7 | ||||
Oxalis corniculata L. | 15.4 | 26.1 | 25.6 | ||
Panicum coloratum L. | 4.1 | 34.6 | 17.4 | 35.9 | |
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. | 23.1 | 21.7 | 23.1 | ||
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. | 2.6 | ||||
Phalaris paradoxa L. | 2 | 3.8 | 8.7 | ||
Plantago lagopus L. | 2 | 46.1 | 13 | 46.2 | |
Plantago major L. | 30.8 | 47.8 | 46.2 | ||
Poa annua L. | 2 | 11.5 | 17.4 | 10.3 | |
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. | 12.2 | 11.5 | 13 | 7.7 | 3.6 |
Portulaca oleracea L. | 8.2 | 53.8 | 39.1 | 38.5 | 7.1 |
Ranunculus marginatus d’Urv. | 3.8 | ||||
Rostraria cristata (L .) Tzvelev | 2 | ||||
Rumex dentatus L. | 2 | 4.4 | 2.6 | ||
Senecio glaucus L. | 14.3 | 15.4 | 21.7 | 12.8 | 14.3 |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. | 2 | 15.4 | 8.7 | 7.7 | |
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. | 4.1 | 7.7 | 17.4 | 15.4 | |
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. | 3.8 | ||||
Sida alba L. | 2.6 | ||||
Silene rubella L. var. rubella | 2.6 | ||||
Sinapis arvensis L. | 2 | 2.6 | |||
Sisymbrium irio L. | 6.1 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 28.2 | |
Solanum nigrum L. | 6.1 | 21.7 | 7.7 | 7.1 | |
Sonchus oleraceus L. | 28.6 | 42.3 | 52.2 | 43.6 | 7.1 |
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. | 6.1 | ||||
Sorghum virgatum (Hack.) Stapf | 2 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 7.7 | |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | 4.4 | 2.6 | |||
Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom | 2 | 13 | 12.8 | 10.7 | |
Trianthema portulacastrum L. | 2.6 | ||||
Trianthema triquetra Willd. | 2 | 2.6 | |||
Trifolium repens L. | 7.7 | ||||
Trifolium resupinatum L . | 6.1 | 30.8 | 34.8 | 31 | |
Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W. Schmidt | 8.2 | 7.7 | 4.4 | 5.1 | |
Urtica urens L. | 3.8 | ||||
Xanthium spinosum L. | 6.1 | 3.8 | |||
Xanthium strumarium L. | 4.1 | ||||
Photo Gallery
Part of the desert-reclaimed lands along the northern sector of the Nile Valley. Note the sprinkle irrigation method used in wheat cultivation
Wheat cultivations in the reclaimed desert lands, with part of the natural desert vegetation appearing in the background (left)
A recently reclaimed land cultivated with olive saplings. Note the growth of desert plants (Zygophyllum coccineum, Bassia indica, and Launaea nudicaulis) in between
An old vineyard and date palms growing in the orchard habitat of the reclaimed desert lands
The vegetation in the bounding desert surrounds the newly industrial 6th October City
Part of the desert vegetation surrounds the industrial 10th Ramadan City. Note the growth of Zygophyllum coccineum, Pulicaria undulata, and Tamarix nilotica
A home garden at the industrial 6th October City
A public garden at 6th October City
A waste land habitat at Sadat City, with dense growth of Phragmites australis and Bassia indica
Lawn at 10th Ramadan City, with Delonix regia and Ficus nitida trees
Two clear zones: the foreground (salinized area with Suaeda vermiculata) and the midzone (cultivated area with Egyptian clover). The city zone of Burg El-Arab (along the Mediterranean western coast) can be seen in the background
Lawn habitat in El-Sadat City
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Abd El-Ghani, M.M., Huerta-Martínez, F.M., Hongyan, L., Qureshi, R. (2017). Human Impacts. In: Plant Responses to Hyperarid Desert Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59135-3_7
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