Abstract
The acquisition of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is inherently slow. Inspired by recent advances in deep learning, we propose a framework for reconstructing MR images from undersampled data using a deep cascade of convolutional neural networks to accelerate the data acquisition process. We show that for Cartesian undersampling of 2D cardiac MR images, the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art compressed sensing approaches, such as dictionary learning-based MRI (DLMRI) reconstruction, in terms of reconstruction error, perceptual quality and reconstruction speed for both 3-fold and 6-fold undersampling. Compared to DLMRI, the error produced by the method proposed is approximately twice as small, allowing to preserve anatomical structures more faithfully. Using our method, each image can be reconstructed in 23 ms, which is fast enough to enable real-time applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amin, M., Murase, K.: Learning Algorithms in Complex-Valued Neural Networks Using Wirtinger Calculus. Wiley Online Library, Hoboken (2013)
Caballero, J., Price, A.N., Rueckert, D., Hajnal, J.V.: Dictionary learning and time sparsity for dynamic MR data reconstruction. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 33(4), 979–994 (2014)
Dong, C., Loy, C.C., He, K., Tang, X.: Image super-resolution using deep convolutional networks. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 38(2), 295–307 (2016)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.03385 (2015)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1026–1034 (2015)
Hirabayashi, A., Inamuro, N., Mimura, K., Kurihara, T., Homma, T.: Compressed sensing MRI using sparsity induced from adjacent slice similarity. In: 2015 International Conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA), pp. 287–291. IEEE (2015)
Huang, J., Chen, C., Axel, L.: Fast multi-contrast MRI reconstruction. Magn. Reson. Imaging 32(10), 1344–1352 (2014)
Jin, K.H., Lee, D., Ye, J.C.: A novel k-space annihilating filter method for unification between compressed sensing and parallel MRI, pp. 327–330 (2015)
Jung, H., Ye, J.C., Kim, E.Y.: Improved k-t BLAST and k-t SENSE using FOCUSS. Magn. Reson. Med. 52, 3201–3226 (2007)
Kingma, D., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)
Kulkarni, K., Lohit, S., Turaga, P., Kerviche, R., Ashok, A.: ReconNet: non-iterative reconstruction of images from compressively sensed measurements. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 449–458 (2016)
Liang, D., Liu, B., Wang, J., Ying, L.: Accelerating SENSE using compressed sensing. Magn. Reson. Med. 62(6), 1574–1584 (2009)
Lustig, M., Donoho, D.L., Santos, J.M., Pauly, J.M.: Compressed sensing MRI. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 25(2), 72–82 (2008)
Peng, X., Liang, D.: MR image reconstruction with convolutional characteristic constraint (CoCCo). IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 22(8), 1184–1188 (2015)
Pruessmann, K.P., Weiger, M., Scheidegger, M.B., Boesiger, P., et al.: SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 42(5), 952–962 (1999)
Quan, T.M., Jeong, W.K.: Compressed sensing reconstruction of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI using GPU-accelerated convolutional sparse coding. In: 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), pp. 518–521. IEEE (2016)
Ravishankar, S., Bresler, Y.: MR image reconstruction from highly undersampled k-space data by dictionary learning. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 30(5), 1028–1041 (2011)
Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J.: Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 91–99 (2015)
Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W.M., Frangi, A.F. (eds.) MICCAI 2015. LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234–241. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28
Rumelhart, D.E., Hinton, G.E., Williams, R.J.: Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Cogn. Model. 5(3), 1 (1988)
Shi, W., Caballero, J., Huszár, F., Totz, J., Aitken, A.P., Bishop, R., Rueckert, D., Wang, Z.: Real-time single image and video super-resolution using an efficient sub-pixel convolutional neural network. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1874–1883 (2016)
Sun, J., Li, H., Xu, Z., et al.: Deep ADMM-net for compressive sensing MRI. In: Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 10–18 (2016)
Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., Rabinovich, A.: Going deeper with convolutions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1–9 (2015)
Uecker, M., Lai, P., Murphy, M.J., Virtue, P., Elad, M., Pauly, J.M., Vasanawala, S.S., Lustig, M.: ESPIRiT - an eigenvalue approach to autocalibrating parallel MRI: where SENSE meets GRAPPA. Magn. Reson. Med. 71(3), 990–1001 (2014)
Wang, S., Su, Z., Ying, L., Peng, X., Zhu, S., Liang, F., Feng, D., Liang, D.: Accelerating magnetic resonance imaging via deep learning. In: 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), pp. 514–517. IEEE (2016)
Yu, F., Koltun, V.: Multi-scale context aggregation by dilated convolutions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.07122 (2015)
Acknowledgment
The work was partially funded by EPSRC Programme Grant (EP/P001009/1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schlemper, J., Caballero, J., Hajnal, J.V., Price, A., Rueckert, D. (2017). A Deep Cascade of Convolutional Neural Networks for MR Image Reconstruction. In: Niethammer, M., et al. Information Processing in Medical Imaging. IPMI 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10265. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59050-9_51
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59050-9_51
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59049-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59050-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)