Skip to main content

Making Sense: Meaning in Life in a Cognitive Context

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Meaning in life is an important contributor to psychological and physical health. In this chapter, we consider how this aspect of well-being relates to constructs within social psychology and social cognition that describe people’s attempts to make sense of their existence and social environment. We first review the relationship between the experience of meaning in life and information processing styles. Next, we distinguish between proximal and more distal variables that influence the experience of meaning. Proximal social cognitive variables include positive affect and the detection of environmental regularities. We then describe more distal sources of meaning, such as religious and secular worldviews, and consider additional potential distal sources that have not yet been examined. We close by considering intriguing research directions for the role of cognition in the experience of meaning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). Why did this happen to me? Religious believers’ and non-believers’ teleological reasoning about life events. Cognition, 133, 277–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettencourt, B. A., Manning, M., Molix, L., Schlegel, R., Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2016). Explaining extremity in evaluation of group members: Meta-analytic tests of three theories. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. (1982). Assimilation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development. Child Development, 53, 281–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Zhang, N., & Noll, J. G. (2005). Grief processing and deliberate grief avoidance: A prospective comparison of bereaved spouses and parents in the United States and the People's Republic of China. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 86–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 304–310.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Yu, L., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2012). Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age. JAMA Psychiatry, 69, 499–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camus, A. (1955). An absurd reasoning. The myth of Sisyphus and other essays. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clore, G. L. (1992). Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The Construction of social judgments (pp. 133–163). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. I., & Kiang, L. (2016). Religious identity, religious participation, and psychological well-being in Asian American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 532–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domjan, M. (2005). Pavlovian conditioning: A functional perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 179–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. S. B. (2010). Intuition and reasoning: A dual-process perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 313–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning (3rd ed.). New York: First Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, R. D., & Krause, N. (2014). Religion, mental health, and well-being: Social aspects. In V. Saroglou & V. Saroglou (Eds.), Religion, personality, and social behavior (pp. 255–280). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014a). Life is pretty meaningful. American Psychologist, 69, 561–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014b). (The feeling of) Meaning-as-Information. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 153–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2016). Meaning in life and intuition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 477–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heintzelman, S. J., Trent, J., & King, L. A. (2013). Encounters with objective coherence and the experience of meaning in life. Psychological Science, 24, 991–998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heller, A. S., van Reekum, C. M., Schaefer, S. M., Lapate, R. C., Radler, B. T., Ryff, C. D., et al. (2013). Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output. Psychological Science, 24, 2191–2200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertwig, R., Hoffrage, U., & The ABC Group. (2012). Simple heuristics in a social world. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J. A., Cicero, D. C., Trent, J., Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2010a). Positive affect, intuition, and feelings of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J. A., & King, L. A. (2008). Mood and religion as information about meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J. A., Schlegel, R. J., & King, L. A. (2010b). Social threats, happiness, and the dynamics of meaning in life judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1305–1317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, A. C., Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Landau, M. J. (2014). A functional basis for structure-seeking: Exposure to structure promotes willingness to engage in motivated action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 486–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelemen, D. (1999). Function, goals and intention: Children’s teleological reasoning about objects. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 461–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelemen, D., Rottman, J., & Seston, R. (2013). Professional physical scientists display tenacious teleological tendencies: Purpose-based reasoning as a cognitive default. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 1074–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kierkegaard, S. (1983). The sickness unto death (H. F. Hong & E. H. Hong, Trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published in 1849)

    Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A. (2012). Meaning: Effortless and ubiquitous. In M. Mikulincer & P. Shaver (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns (pp. 129–144). Washington, DC: APA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A. (2014). The commonplace experience of meaning in life. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5, 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2007). Whatever happened to “What might have been”? Regrets, happiness, and maturity. American Psychologist, 62, 625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2009). The detection and construction of meaning in life events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 317–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 179–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., & Napa, C. K. (1998). What makes a life good? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltko-Rivera, M. E. (2004). The psychology of worldviews. Review of General Psychology, 8, 3–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2014). Assessing stability and change in a second-order confirmatory factor model of meaning in life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 237–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kray, L. J., George, L. G., Liljenquist, K. A., Galinsky, A. D., Tetlock, P. E., & Roese, N. J. (2010). From what might have been to what must have been: Counterfactual thinking creates meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 106–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2014). Residents of poor nations have a greater sense of meaning in life than residents of wealthy nations. Psychological Science, 25, 422–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999). The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In R. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 295–314). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 257–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. O. (2008). Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 863–875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prati, F., Crisp, R. J., & Rubini, M. (2015). Counter-stereotypes reduce emotional intergroup bias by eliciting surprise in the face of unexpected category combinations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prati, F., Vasiljevic, M., Crisp, R. J., & Rubini, M. (2015). Some extended psychological benefits of challenging social stereotypes: Decreased dehumanization and a reduced reliance on heuristic thinking. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18, 801–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salsman, J. M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Jim, H. L., Munoz, A. R., Merluzzi, T. V., George, L., et al. (2015). A meta-analytic approach to examining the correlation between religion/spirituality and mental health in cancer. Cancer, 121, 3769–3778.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1988). How do I feel about it? Informative functions of affective states. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 44–62). Toronto, ON: Hogrefe International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seto, E., Hicks, J. A., Davis, W. E., & Smallman, R. (2015). Free will, counterfactual reflection, and the meaningfulness of life events. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 243–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, D., & Holyoak, K. J. (2002). Structural dynamics of cognition: From consistency theories to constraint satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 283–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 91–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., & Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in life: One link in the chain from religiousness to well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 574–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, V. A., Turner, J. A. P., Pennycook, G., Ball, L. J., Brack, H., Ophir, Y., et al. (2013). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency as metacognitive cues for initiating analytic thinking. Cognition, 128, 237–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, J., & King, L. A. (2010). Predictors of rapid vs. thoughtful judgments of meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 439–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, J., Lavelock, C., & King, L. A. (2013). Processing fluency, positive affect, and judgments of meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 135–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S. J., & King, L. A. (2016). Poor but happy? Income, happiness, and experienced and expected meaning in life. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 463–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vess, M. (2013). Death, the need for unambiguous knowledge, and the construction and maintenance of multi-level meaning. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies (pp. 271–283). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Willard, A. K., & Norenzayan, A. (2013). Cognitive biases explain religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in life’s purpose. Cognition, 129, 379–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. D., Reinhard, D. A., Westgate, E. C., Gilbert, D. T., Ellerbeck, N., Hahn, C., et al. (2014). Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind. Science, 345, 75–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wirthwein, L., & Rost, D. H. (2011). Giftedness and subjective well-being: A study with adults. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 182–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., Silberman, J., & Hall, J. A. (2013). The relation between intelligence and religiosity a meta-analysis and some proposed explanations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 325–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura King .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ward, S., King, L. (2017). Making Sense: Meaning in Life in a Cognitive Context. In: Robinson, M., Eid, M. (eds) The Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics