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Biological Assays

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Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management

Abstract

Biological indexing is a methodology for the detection of grapevine virus diseases that relies on specific responses from panels of indicator host plants. Grafting to a set of four Vitis indicators and rub inoculation on a set of herbaceous hosts are routinely used in clean plant centers to transmit virus diseases to indicator hosts. Dormant bud chips from accession plants are grafted to the woody stems of indicator vines. Green grafting of first year canes to young indicator material is also used. When candidate buds are diseased, indicator vines develop typical foliar or stem symptoms 2–4 years post-grafting. Sap from accession plants that are infected with mechanically transmissible viruses can be screened by rub inoculation to a panel of herbaceous indicator plants, on which positive reactions develop in a matter of weeks. Biological indexing is seldom diagnostic for a given virus species. The presence of well-characterized species can be confirmed by ELISA, PCR, or RT-PCR. The more recently developed technique of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) can detect both well-characterized and novel viruses. Those molecular-based methodologies in general are more reliable, more sensitive, and more rapid than bioassays. However, the classic biological assay cannot yet be completely replaced by the more modern laboratory analyses. The bioassay is still used to demonstrate the presence of unidentified graft-transmissible agents, especially diseases such as 110R necrotic union or 3309C stem necrosis distortion, where the causative pathogens have not yet been specifically identified by other means.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    A. Rowhani & S. D. Daubert

  2. Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Universita degli Studi and Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy

    P. La Notte & V. Savino

  3. USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    J. K. Uyemoto

Authors
  1. A. Rowhani
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  2. P. La Notte
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  3. J. K. Uyemoto
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  4. S. D. Daubert
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  5. V. Savino
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Rowhani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

    Baozhong Meng

  2. Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

    Giovanni P. Martelli

  3. Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis, California, USA

    Deborah A. Golino

  4. Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA

    Marc Fuchs

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Rowhani, A., La Notte, P., Uyemoto, J.K., Daubert, S.D., Savino, V. (2017). Biological Assays. In: Meng, B., Martelli, G., Golino, D., Fuchs, M. (eds) Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-7_20

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