Abstract
The chapter, which is the crux of the book, is dedicated to the implications that emerge considering the landscape as an “object” of planning. This is the in-depth analysis of 4 case studies in Italy and of comparative case studies in Europe: this choice is precisely part of a wider discourse on the evolution of the consideration of the landscape within the urban practices. Some fundamental paradigms of the landscape (historical, morphological, ecological, perceptual) suggest in part the periodization which has determined the comparability between the selected cases, on the one hand, by exogenous factors to urban practices (economic, social dynamics, political, cultural, etc.); on the other, by elements within the specific planning tool, i.e. the ability of a face, using its “technical structure”, the landscape issues. Hence each case under consideration has not been identified in one plan, but refers to plans drawn up at different times, following the changing of city conditions. This is the case then of Assisi, in 1958 and 1969; Urbino, in 1964 and 1994; Reggio Emilia, in 1994 and 2007; Bergamo, in 1997 and 2010. These case studies are identified considering their basic approaches, experiences so positive towards the issue as unique in the context of the Italian planning, highlighting common lines of integration.
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Notes
- 1.
Italian translation: “Fu cioè chiaro fin dagli inizi che il piano regolatore generale, cui sarebbe spettato per definizione il compito di dettare gli indirizzi di base per la trasformazione dell’intero territorio e per la salvaguardia, a grandi linee, del paesaggio, avrebbe dovuto essere integrato dai piani particolareggiati necessari a codificare in modo preciso la conservazione e la trasformazione dei singoli elementi costitutivi dell’ambiente urbano esistente ed a caratterizzare l’espansione fuori le mura, e che lo studio dei particolari avrebbe dovuto procedere di pari passo con lo studio del generale, anzi, per taluni aspetti, addirittura precederlo, in modo tale che piano generale e piani particolareggiati fossero in definitiva congiuntamente consegnati all’Amministrazione per essere congiuntamente deliberati e attuati”.
- 2.
It is recognized the scientific approach of Patrick Geddes, an author highly respected by Giovanni Astengo: the scientific method, the same of natural sciences, is represented by a unique key sequence from knowledge to intervention, through understanding and judgment.
- 3.
“Special Law for Assisi ”, no. 976 of October 9, 1957, “Measures for the preservation of historical, architectural and artistic heritage of the city and territory of Assisi , as well as the consequential works of hygienic and touristic interest”.
- 4.
- 5.
This line of development that is also traced by Astengo is characterized by a transition from the crucial issue of the organic city to that of democratic decision as an exercise in public policy (only later will emerge a stronger reference to social practices).
- 6.
Paolo Spada, who co-authored the urban plan of Urbino with De Carlo, points the finger at those who already Astengo had called “paper tigers”, that is, against the “designed” plan, but not very effective. According to the authors it is necessary that the planning put in direct confrontation with the entire community including, if necessary, specific exhibitions.
- 7.
The park system is around 38% of the municipal area and is susceptible, according to the author, to fulfill the fruition function using high-quality environmental and scenic circuits.
- 8.
Not to be confused with “landscape scenarios”. The sights identified by the plan are of two types: those subject to a regime of protection and those for which the interventions are proposed for the redevelopment of the landscape, because they are strategic points.
- 9.
For this group of areas are defined: the Metauro Park, Cesane Park and Pietralata Park, located in a large Southeast area of the town, already adjacent to the historic city, which also includes the Metauro river; the Foglia Park and the Pallino Park, which includes the Northwest part of the territory; the San Lorenzo in Cerquetobono Park, at West of the city.
- 10.
The functions are six: land consolidation, containment loads ecosystem, windbreaks, shelter for birds, shelter for natural plants, fruit production. The inclusion of environment is divided into: wet mesophilic, riparian, grow, meadow pasture, erosion areas.
- 11.
An innovative method at the time was the so-called “Sullo’s law proposal” of 1962, but which will not find acceptance at the legislative level. This proposal provided for the generalized expropriation of all land required for urban expansion or transformation, with the quantification of compensation as agricultural value, the equal treatment towards the various soil owners and the determination of the so-called “surface rights”, with variable duration from 60 to 99 years, based on the Anglo-Saxon planning model.
- 12.
The idea of an equalization approach, Campos Venuti clarifies, is an indispensable condition for the implementation of the “third generation” plans: in particular, this approach must be consistent with a new form of the plan that assumes the duplicity of the strategic (structural) and the operational dimension. Please note that at the time of the Preliminary of Reggio Emilia, is not yet in place the Emilia Romagna Regional Law no. 20 of 2000, which will replace the classic urban plan with three planning instruments: the “PSC” Municipal Structure Plan; the “POC” Municipal Operating Plan; the “RUE” Urban Building Regulations.
- 13.
See, in this regard, Finke (1981). Finke’s thesis is that ecology has to overcome a mere analytical-descriptive approach, in order to develop interpretation and evaluation methods in support to the planning decisions.
- 14.
The reference, in this case, is given by the researches related to environmental impact assessments indicators and then, very concretely, to some European planning experiences; especially the German ones, as the “Iba Emscher Park” in the Ruhr and the Land North Rhine Westphalia which has completed about 120 projects for the brownfields recovery and transformation.
- 15.
It recalls in setting and contents the Landschaftsprogramm, the German landscape plan at municipal scale.
- 16.
- 17.
PTPR Regione Lombardia, Standards for Implementation (Part IV): “Procedure for assessing the impact of landscape projects”, to be carried out following the specific guidelines of the DGR 7/11045 of the 8 November 2002.
- 18.
The “standard designs” represented, since the ’80s, an urban experiment not exclusive of Bergamo. Mention may be made, for example, to the urban plans of Bologna (Campos Venuti, Portoghesi), Jesi (Secchi), Pistoia (De Carlo), Siena (Secchi), Arezzo and Torino (Gregotti). The consideration of landscape in planning, albeit with inevitable differences, can be found also in some important cases, such as Eurolille (Koolhaas) or Paris-Bercy (Buffi).
- 19.
Please refer in this respect to the theses of Secchi (1986): the changing conditions impose unreleased convergences between a morphological tradition of the project and a economic and social analysis of the use of the territory.
- 20.
However, what it seems to emerge, in the current planning practices, is that the recognition of a specific guiding image often does not take place within a collective process, such that both cognitive and decision-making , through a common sharing of knowledge and values. Within this interpretation, therefore, invoke the landscape is a purely rhetorical action, then partially or completely disregarded in the operational planning decisions.
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La Riccia, L. (2017). Landscape in the Urban Planning Practices. Case Studies in Italy. In: Landscape Planning at the Local Level. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57367-0_5
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