Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Let’s Talk About Stress

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Clinician's Guide to Integrative Oncology

  • 681 Accesses

Abstract

The ‘storage’ of emotions in the subconscious as well as within the physical body and its relationship to illness is one of the most important concepts that the clinician will need to impart to her/his patient, along with techniques to unload these stored emotions. There is evidence that stress is implicated in cancer initiation and progression, and there is a link between psychological distress such as anxiety and depression, and cancer. Depression is common in cancer patients, may be associated with increased cancer risk and may predict cancer progression. Loneliness and emotional repression have been linked to poorer cancer outcomes. On the cellular level, stress and depression influence the immune system, the endocrine system and the gut microbiome. Stress is able to activate the autonomic nervous system and the HPA axis and thereby alter the tumor microenvironment. Research suggests stress can interfere with the immune system and cancer surveillance in some cancers, as well as affect genes, damage DNA and impair genetic mutation repair and the ability of immune cells to initiate programmed cancer cell apoptosis. The gut microbiome has been found to affect neural, immunological and endocrine systems. The microbiome-gut-brain axis can modulate emotions and stress is able to modulate the microbiota. There is increasing evidence of the microbiota’s role in carcinogenesis. In the Ultimate Consultation, the clinician’s role is to help the patient with cancer understand the link between the mind, stress and those processes in the body that contribute to poor health. In understanding these links, the patient is in a better position to understand how they can make changes to reduce stress. The clinician can then guide the patient to a number of techniques that can help ‘unload’ stress and emotions that are stored within. These include stress management and social therapy, pet therapy, art and writing therapy and others.

Mind-body medicine- this is the main area where miracles can occur.

Avni Sali

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abercrombie HD, Giese-Davis J, Sephton S, et al. Flattened cortisol rhythms in metastatic breast cancer patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29(8):1082–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Acklin MW, Brown EC, Mauger PA. The role of religious values in coping with cancer. J Relig Health. 1983;22:322–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahn J, Sinha R, Pei Z, et al. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:1907–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. American Society for Microbiology. Monitoring the microbiome in leukemia patients could reduce infections during chemotherapy. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 September 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150921095154.htm.

  5. Androulidaki A, Dermitzaki E, Venihaki M, et al. Corticotropin releasing factor promotes breast cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Mol Cancer. 2009;8:30. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-8-30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Arranz A, Veninaki M, Mol B, et al. The impact of stress on tumor growth: peripheral CRF mediates tumor promoting effects of stress. Molecular Cancer. 2010;9:261. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-261.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bar-Sela G, Atid L, Danos S, et al. Art therapy improved depression and influenced fatigue levels in cancer patients on chemotherapy. Psycho-Oncology. 2007;16:980–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Berger AM, Mooney K, Alvarez-Perez A, et al. Cancer-related fatigue, version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2015;13:1012–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Block K. Life Over Cancer. The block center program for integrative cancer treatment. NewYork: Bantam Books; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boehm K, Cramer H, Staroszynski T, Ostermann T. Arts therapies for anxiety, depression, and quality of life in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2014;2014:103297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bradt J, Dileo C, Grocke D, Magill L. Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 8, CD006911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub2.

  12. Bradt J, Dileo C, Magill L, Teaque A. Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 8: CD006911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub3.

  13. Brady MJ, Peterman AH, Fitchett G, Mo M, Cella DF. A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology. Psychooncology. 1999;8:417–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Braniste V, Al-Asmakh M, Kowal C et al. The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(263):263ra158.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behaviour and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(38):10650–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Brintzenhofe-Szoc KM, Levin TT, Li Y, Kissane DW, Zabora JR. Mixed anxiety/depression symptoms in a large cancer cohort: prevalence by cancer type. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:383–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Brown KW, Levy AR, Rosberger Z, Edgar L. Psychological distress and cancer survival: a follow-up 10 years after diagnosis. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:636–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Burns SJ, Harbuz MS, Hucklebridge F, Bunt L. A pilot study into the therapeutic effects of music therapy at a cancer help centre. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(1):48–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chida Y, Hamer M, Wardle J, Steptoe A. Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2008;5:466–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Crumeyrolle-Arias M, Jaglin M, Bruneau A, et al. Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;42:207–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dalai Lama HH, Cutler HC. The art of happiness. Australia and New Zealand: Hodder and Stoughton; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  22. DeFlorio ML, Massie MJ. Review of depression in cancer: gender differences. Depression. 1995;3:66–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. De Palma G, Collins SM, Bercik P, Verdu EF. The microbiota–gut–brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both? J Physiol. 2014;592(Pt 14):2989–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Shanahan F, et al. Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(2):146–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, et al. Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience. 2010;170(4):1179–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Djiogue S, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Vecchio L, et al. Insulin resistance and cancer: the role of insulin and IGFs. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2013;20:R1–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dovey D. The therapeutic science of adult coloring books: how this childhood pastime helps adults relieve stress. Medical Daily 2016. Available at http://www.medicaldaily.com/therapeutic-science-adult-coloring-books-how-childhood-pastime-helps-adults-356280. Accessed 19 Apr 2016.

  28. Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Childhood adversity and herpesvirus latency in breast cancer survivors. Health Psychol. 2013;32(3):337–44. doi:10.1037/a0028595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Falagas ME, Zarkadoulia EA, Ionnidou EN, et al. The effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer outcome: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(4):R44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Faller H, Bulzebruck H, Drings P, et al. Coping, distress, and survival among patients with lung cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;1:49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fawzy FI, Kenemy ME, Fawzy NW, et al. A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients. II. Changes over time in immunological measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(8):729–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fawzy FI, Fawzy NW, Hyun CS, et al. Malignant melanoma. Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(9):681–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fawzy FI, Canada AL, Fawzy NW. Malignant melanoma: effects of a brief, structured psychiatric intervention on survival and recurrence at 10-year follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(1):100–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fehring RJ, Miller JF, Shaw C. Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression, and other mood states in elderly people coping with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997;24:663–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fleishman SB, Homel P, Chen MR, et al. Beneficial effects of animal-assisted visits on quality of life during multimodal radiation-chemotherapy regimes. J Commun Support Oncol. 2015;13(1):22–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Giese-Davis J, Sephton SE, Abercrombie HC, et al. Repression and high anxiety are associated with aberrant diurnal cortisol rhythms in women with metastatic breast cancer. Health Psychol. 2004;23(6):645–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Giles L, Glonek G, Luszcz M, Andrews G. Effect of social networks on 10 year survival in very old Australians: the Australian longitudinal study of aging. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2005;59(7):574–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Gioiella ME, Berkman B, Robinson M. Spirituality and quality of life in gynecologic oncology patients. Cancer Pract. 1998;6:333–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Glaser R, Thorn BE, Tarr KL, et al. Effects of stress on methyltransferase synthesis: an important DNA repair enzyme. Health Psychol. 1985;4:403–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gold M, Dunn LB, Phoenix B, et al. Co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms following breast cancer surgery and its impact on quality of life. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2016;20:97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gomez SL, Hurley S, Canchola AJ et al. Effects of marital status and economic resources on survival after cancer: a population-based study. Cancer 2016. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29885.

  42. Gustafson C, Campbell A. Mechanisms of the gut-brain axis. Integrative Medicine. 2015;14(4):20–1.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hamer M, Chida Y, Molloy GJ. Psychological distress and cancer mortality. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66:255–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hassed C. The essence of health: the Seven Pillars of wellbeing. North Sydney: Random House; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Henriksson MM, Isometsä ET, Hietanen PS, et al. Mental disorders in cancer suicides. J Affect Disord. 1995;36(1–2):11–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ho RTH, Kwan TTC, Cheung IKM, et al. Association of fatigue with perceived stress in Chinese women with early stage breast cancer awaiting adjuvant radiotherapy. Stress Health. 2015;31:214–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hobbs WR, Burke M, Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Online social integration is associated with reduced mortality risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2016; 113:12980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605554113.

  49. Il’yasova D, Colbert LH, Harris TB et al. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the health aging and body composition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark. 2005; 14(10): 2413–2418.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Irie M, Asami S, Nagata S, et al. Relationships between perceived workload, stress and oxidative DNA damage. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001;74(2):154–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Irie M, Asami S, Nagata S. Psychosocial factors as a potential trigger of oxidative DNA damage in human leukocytles. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2001;92(3):367–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jasarevic E, Howerton CL, Howard CD, Bale TL. Alterations in the vaginal microbiome by maternal stress are associated with metabolic reprogramming of the offspring gut and brain. 2015;156(9):3265–3276.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kaczorowski JM. Spiritual well-being and anxiety in adults diagnosed with cancer. Hosp J. 1989;5:105–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF et al. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Cell Neurosci 2015;9:932. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604320/.

  55. Komaroff AL. Is social network activity associated with lower mortality? NEJM J Watch. 2017. Available at http://www.jwatch.org/na43160/2017/01/03/social-network-activity-associated-with-lower-mortality. Accessed 8 Jan 2017.

  56. Kotsirilos V, Vitetta L, Sali A. A guide to evidence-based integrative and complementary medicine. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kroenke CH, Michael YL, Poole EM, et al. Postdiagnosis social networks and breast cancer mortality in the after breast cancer pooling project. Cancer. 2016;. doi:10.1002/cncr.30440.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Krupski TL, Kwan L, Fink A, Sonn GA, Maliski S, Litwin MS. Spirituality influences health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. Psychooncology. 2006;15:121–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Emerging avenues linking inflammation and cancer. Free Radical Biol Med. 2012;52:2013–3037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lawson LM, Williams P, Glennon C, et al. Effect of art making on cancer-related symptoms of blood and marrow transplantation recipients [Online exclusive]. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2012;39:E353–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Li JX, Hong Y, Chan KM. Tai chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:148–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Liu J, Chen P, Wang R, et al. Effect of tai chi exercise on immune function in middle-aged and elderly women. Sports Med Doping Stud. 2012;2(6):1000119.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lillberg K, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, et al. Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:415–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lloyd-Williams M, Friedman T. Depression in palliative care patients–a prospective study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2001;10(4):270–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lutgendorf S, Sood AK, Anderson B, et al. Social support, psychological distress, and natural killer cell activity in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7105–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lutgendorf SK, Lamkin DM, Jennings NB, et al. Biobehavioural influences on matrix metalloproteinase expression in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6839–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Lutgendorf SK, DeGeest K, Sung CY, et al. Depression, social support, and beta-adrenergic transcription control in human ovarian cancer. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23:176–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lutgendorf SK, Sood AK. Biobehavioural factors and cancer progression: physiological pathways and mechanisms. Psychosomatic Med. 2011;73:724–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Matthews DM, Jenks SM. Ingestion of Mycobacterium vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in mice. Behav Processes. 2013;96:27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Maunsell E, Brisson J, Deschenes L. Social support and survival among women with breast cancer. Cancer. 1995;76:631–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Maes M, et al. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Letter. 2008;1:117–24.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, et al. Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci. 2014;34(46):15490–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Mayer EA, Savidge T, Shulman RJ. Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(6):1500–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Meares A. Regression of cancer after intensive meditation. Med J Aust. 1976;2(5):184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Michaud JE, Billups KL, Partin AW. Testosterone and prostate cancer: an evidence-based review of pathogenesis and oncologic risk. Ther Adv Urol. 2015;7(6):378–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Mickley JR, Soeken K, Belcher A. Spiritual well-being, religiousness and hope among women with breast cancer. Image J Nurs Scholarsh. 1992;24:267–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Montassier E, Gastinne T, Vangay P, et al. Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(5):515–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Monti DA, Peterson C, Kunkel EJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) for women with cancer. Psychooncology. 2006;15(5):363–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Morgan NP, Davis KD, Poggi EA, Cheson BD. Implementing an expressive writing study in a cancer clinic. Oncologist. 2008;13(2):196–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Nainis N, Paice JA, Ratner J et al. Relieving symptoms in cancer: Innovative use of art therapy. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2005;31:162–169.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Nairn RC, Merluzzi TV. The role of religious coping in adjustment to cancer. Psychooncology. 2003;12:428–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Nausheen B, Carr NJ, Peveler RC, et al. Relationship between loneliness and proangiogenic cytokines in newly diagnosed tumours of colon and rectum. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:912–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Nightingale CL, Rodriguez C, Carnaby G. The impact of music interventions on anxiety for adult cancer patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Integr Cancer Ther. 2013;12:393–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Nishino R, Mikami K, Takahashi H, et al. Commensal microbiota modulate murine behaviors in a strictly contamination–free environment confirmed by culture-based methods. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;26(6):521–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Oerlemans M, van den Akker M, Schuurman AG, et al. A meta-analysis of depression and subsequent cancer risk. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:29–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Oh HS, Seo WS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the correlates of cancer-related fatigue. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2011;8(4):191–201. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2011.00214.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ohland CL, Kish L, Bell H, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus on murine behavior are dependent on diet and genotype and correlate with alterations in the gut microbiome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(9):1738–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Orlandi M, Trangaled K, Mambrini A. Pet therapy effects on oncological day hospital patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(6C):4301–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Orme-Johnson D. Medical care utilisation and the transcendental meditation program. Psychosom Med. 1987;49:493–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ornish D, Weidner G, Fair WR, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;174(3):1065–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Payne JK. State of the science: stress, inflammation and cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2014;41(5):533–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Pahor M, Havlik PJ. Chronically depressed mood and cancer risk in older persons. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1888–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Perlmutter D. Brain maker. Yellow kite. 2015; Great Britain.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Perrins-Margalis NM, Rugletic J, Schepis NM, et al. The immediate effects of a group-based horticulture experience on the quality of life of persons with chronic mental illness. Occup Ther Ment Health. 2008;16(1):15–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1797–810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Associations of social networks with cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. Crit Rev Onco Hematol. 2010;75:122–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Rauscher GH, et al. In: 4th American association cancer research conference. 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Reavley N, Pallant JF, Sali A. Evaluation of the effects of a psychosocial intervention on mood, coping, and quality of life in cancer patients. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009;8(1):47–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Reiche EM, Nunes SO, Morimoto HK. Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(10):617–25. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01597-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Reynolds P, Hurley S, Torres M, et al. Use of coping strategies and breast cancer survival: results from the black/white cancer survival study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(10):940–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Rogers CJ, Prabhu KS, Vijay-Kumar M. The microbiome and obesity—an established risk for certain types of cancer. Cancer. 2014;20(3):176–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Romero C, Friedman LC, Kalidas M, Elledge R, Chang J, Liscum KR. Self-forgiveness, spirituality, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer. J Behav Med. 2005;29:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Sali A. Psychoneuroimmunology fact or fiction. Aust Fam Physician. 1997;26(11):1291–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons > or = 55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(9):1060–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Schwabe RF, Jobin C. the microbiome and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(11):800–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Sherwin E, Rea K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. A gut (microbiome) feeling about the brain. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016;32(2):96–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Smyth JM, Stone AA, Hurewitz A, Kaell A. Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized trial. JAMA 1999;281(14):1304–1309.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Spiegel D, Giese-Davis J. Depression and cancer: mechanisms and disease progression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):269–82. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00566-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Spiegel K, Bloom JR, Kraemer HC, Gotthiel E. Effect of psycho-social treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 1989;2:888–891.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Strickland PL, Deakin JF, Percival C, et al. Bio-social origins of depression in the community. Interactions between social adversity, cortisol and serotonin neurotransmission. Brit J Psychiatry. 2002;180:168–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Stothart M, Bobbie C, Schulte-Hostedde A, et al. Stress and the microbiome: linking glucocorticoids to bacterial community dynamics in wild red squirrels. Biol Lett 2016;12(1): 20150875. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0875.

  112. Stuckey HL, Nobel J. The connection between art, healing, and public health: a review of current literature. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(2):254–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004;558(Pt1):263–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Szabo S, Tache Y, Somogy A. The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: a retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief “letter” to the editor# of nature. Stress. 2012;15(5):472–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Thyme KE, Sundin EC, Wiberg B, et al. Individual brief art therapy can be helpful for women with breast cancer: a randomized controlled clinical study. Palliat Support Care. 2009;7:87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Tomei LD, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Kennedy S, Glaser R. Psychological stress and phorbol ester inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in human PBLs. Psychiat Res. 1990;33:59–71.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Velicer CM, et al. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 2004;7:827–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Vitetta L, Anton B, Cortizo F, Sali A. Stress and its impact on overall health and longevity. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2005;1057:492–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Wang Y, Hua S, Tian W, et al. Mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects of insulin in endometrial cancer are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt dependent. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:734–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wang D, MacMillan T. The benefits of gardening for older adults: a systematic review of the literature. Activities Adaption Aging. 2013;37(2):153–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Wang F, Lee EK, Wu T, et al. The effects of tai chi on depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21(4):605–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Yates JW, Chalmer BJ, St. James P, Follansbee M, McKegney FP. Religion in patients with advanced cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1981;9:121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Zeng Y, Luo T, Xie H, et al. Health benefits of qigong or tai chi for cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(1):173–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Education, National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia

    Kylie O’Brien

  2. National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia

    Avni Sali

Authors
  1. Kylie O’Brien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Avni Sali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kylie O’Brien .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Brien, K., Sali, A. (2017). Let’s Talk About Stress. In: A Clinician's Guide to Integrative Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56632-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56632-0_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56631-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56632-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation