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Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis pp 1–37Cite as

Overview of Phylogenetic Approaches to Mycorrhizal Biogeography, Diversity and Evolution

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Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 230))

Abstract

Historical biogeography helps us keep track of organisms over time and space. However, microbial ecology and evolutionary studies are fraught with challenges due to their unknown life histories, a poor fossil record, and problematic taxonomy. Mycorrhizal fungi are key players for most terrestrial ecosystems and interact with a vast number of plants, including many woody trees that dominate temperate, tropical, and boreal ecosystems. They are also highly polyphyletic and disproportionally diverse globally and across the fungal tree of life, making them biogeographically intriguing. In this review, we focus on describing phylogenetic approaches that have been or could be applied in mycorrhizal biogeographic studies. We start by summarizing molecular-based studies and methods for species delimitation, pointing out the need for robust phylogenetic hypotheses in a phylogenomic or multi-locus framework. We describe methods for the reconstruction of ancestral states or areas and their use in biogeography, also synthesizing some of the progress with respect to generalized patterns in mycorrhizal biogeography. Next, we go through aspects related to time-calibrating fungal phylogenies and their time-of-origin, as well as downstream analyzes involving the estimation of diversification rates. Diversification rate, trait evolution, and phylo-community analyses are also put in the context of relevant evolutionary ecology hypotheses. Finally, we dedicate a section to methodological biases and caveats, which are often associated with global mycological fieldwork and sampling, and some phylogenetic methods.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the non-anonymous referee P. B. Matheny and L. Tedersoo for insightful comments and suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript. S.S.R. additionally thanks J.-M. Moncalvo and K. G. Peay for stimulating conversations about mycorrhizal biogeography, and R. W. Murphy and E. H. Stukenbrock for providing a working space. A.W.W. thanks P. G. Kennedy for suggestions about host recognition methodologies.

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2

    Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez

  2. Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi, Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA

    Andrew W. Wilson

  3. Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Center, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden

    Martin Ryberg

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  1. Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez
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Correspondence to Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez .

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  1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu , Tartu, Estonia

    Leho Tedersoo

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Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Wilson, A.W., Ryberg, M. (2017). Overview of Phylogenetic Approaches to Mycorrhizal Biogeography, Diversity and Evolution. In: Tedersoo, L. (eds) Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Ecological Studies, vol 230. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_1

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