Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

Abstract

This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes maintained the failed state they inherited. During this period, the state became so much weak that widespread and intense political violence and instability enveloped the country. Ethnic and ideological politics, the reemergence and manipulation of the pre-Amin politics, the contested histories and politics of the liberation war, the unregulated circulation of arms and military uniforms, and the severe alienation and extermination of those from the West Nile region contributed to the severe crisis of legitimacy of the faltering state. Indeed, this crisis of legitimacy and the widespread political violence that enveloped the country added two layers of crisis state to the failed state: the predatory state and the warlord state.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    C. Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin: the continuing search for leadership and control,” African Affairs, 79, 314 (January 1980): 461.

  2. 2.

    Ibid.: 461–462.

  3. 3.

    Respondents No. 68, four Baganda politicians (former supporters of Lule), interview by author, Dr. Nsibirwa’s Clinic, Nairobi, July 5, 1992; Tindigarukayo, “Uganda, 1979–1985: Leadership in Transition,”: 609–610; Gertzel, “Uganda After Amin”: 473–475; Ingham, Obote: 155.

  4. 4.

    Respondents No. 68, four Baganda politicians (former supporters of Lule), Dr. Nsibirwa’s Clinic, Nairobi, July 5, 1992; Tindigarukayo, “Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition,”: 609–610; Gertzel, “Uganda After Amin”: 473–475; Ingham, Obote: 155.

  5. 5.

    Respondents No. 10, two professors at Makerere University (former supporters of the socialist camp in UPC), Kampala, August 1992; Respondents No. 14, three cabinet ministers in Obote II and two high-ranking UPC members, Nakasero, Kampala, December 18, 1984; Respondents No. 69, four UPC and two (Democratic Party) DP politicians, conversation with author, Kampala, September 13, 1985; Respondents No. 70, three former UNLA officers, twelve former civil servants and two former businessmen, interview by author, Nairobi, July 5, 1992.

  6. 6.

    Respondents No. 10; Respondents No. 14; Respondents No. 69; Respondents No. 70. For the demand made by Britain, see Owen, Time to Declare: 274.

  7. 7.

    See Gertzel, “Uganda After Amin”: 465–478; Ingham, Obote: 51, 151–152.

  8. 8.

    Respondents No. 10; Respondents No. 14; Respondents No. 69; Respondents No. 70; Gertzel, “Uganda After Amin”: 467.

  9. 9.

    Respondents No. 10; Respondents No. 14; Respondents No. 69; Respondents No. 70.

  10. 10.

    Respondents No. 71, three members of Pentecostal Assembly of God, six members of the Jehovah Witness, two members of Legio Maria, eight members of the Chosen Evangelical Revival and five members of Quakers, interviews by author, Kampala and Jinja, August 1992.

  11. 11.

    Respondents No. 1, twenty former members of District Councils and thirty-one ordinary Ugandans, Gulu, Kabale, Kitgum, Mbarara and Soroti, June–August 1984; Respondents No. 72, three UPC politicians from Karamoja, interview by author, Nairobi, July 4, 1992; Respondents No. 73, two prominent members of UNLF-AD, conversation with author, London, December 9, 1992. Information about the famine is contained in UNICEF, “Some Lessons of the Karamoja Emergency. Eastern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi (October 1981),” (deposited at the Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford University): 1–2; US Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey, 1984: 6; S. Robinson, et al., “Famine Relief in Karamoja, Uganda,” The Lancet (October 18, 1980): 849; Lutheran World Service, Uganda (1985): 8.

  12. 12.

    Uganda Government, Report of Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 94–97. The Commission was established by the Museveni regime to investigate violations of human rights under previous regimes.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.: 89; Dr. Haruna Kabuye’s testimony (exhibit No. 77 (a)), Ibid.: 93; Respondents No. 74, ten Ugandan Muslims, interview by author, Kibera, Nairobi, July 11, 1992; B. E. Harrell-Bond, Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Refugees. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986: 39–42.

  14. 14.

    Respondents No. 25, eight Uganda Banyarwanda/Bafumbira and three Rwandese refugees, Kisoro, August 9, 1983; Respondents No. 30, three Acoli refugees, London, July 24, 1994; Respondents No. 33, three prominent members of UPC from Buganda, Kampala, August 1992; Respondents No. 74, ten Uganda Muslims, Kibera, Nairobi, July 11, 1992.

  15. 15.

    Respondents No. 25; Respondents No. 30; Respondents No. 33; Respondents No. 74; Harrell-Bond, Imposing Aid: Emergency Assistance to Refugees. 39–42.

  16. 16.

    See Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin,”: 48; “Uganda: Honeymoon is over,” Africa Confidential, 20, 13 (June 20, 1979): 2–3; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 31.

  17. 17.

    Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 31.

  18. 18.

    New African, August 1979, cited in Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin”: 48.

  19. 19.

    Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin”, Ibid. UNLF Ati-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 7, maintained that Museveni’s opposition to Lule and democratic rule started before the fall of the Amin regime: “After the UNLF was formed Museveni still persisted in his position of a front of the “fighters” and a political front being separated. Nyerere had to call a special meeting of the NEC of the UNLF at the State House Dar es Salaam to talk on this issue. Nyerere correctly argued that one could not separate the fighters from the political organs. On the contrary, he argued that the political organ must give direction to the military wing, otherwise one stood the danger of the gun dictating the political line. Later Nyerere asked Lule to try to “accommodate” Museveni on the NEC. It was in consideration of this that Museveni was made deputy secretary to the Military Commission.”

  20. 20.

    Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin”: 471; Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence: 129.

  21. 21.

    Ingham, Obote: 155. See also, Sathyamurthy, The Political Development of Uganda, 1900–1986: 661.

  22. 22.

    See Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin”: 471; Tindigarukayo, “Uganda, 1979–1985: Leadership in Transition,”: 610–611.

  23. 23.

    Ingham, Obote: 157–158; Tumusiime, ed., Uganda 30 Years: 53–54; “Lule, the First Post-Amin President Dies in London,” The Weekly Review, Nairobi, January 25, 1985: 21; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 32.

  24. 24.

    Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin,”: 473.

  25. 25.

    Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 32.

  26. 26.

    See Africa Research Bulletin, May 1–31, 1980: 5682B; Ingham, Obote: 158; Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 130–131.

  27. 27.

    Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin,” : 476.

  28. 28.

    Tumusiime, ed., Uganda 30 Years: 54; Ingham, Obote: 158.

  29. 29.

    Interview with President Binaisa, March 2001, New York; Interview with Vice President Paulo Muwanga, October 1984, Kampala; Tumusiime, ed., Uganda 30 Years: 54; “Uganda: Beyond the Coup,” Africa Confidential, 21, 12 (June, 1980): 6; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 31.

  30. 30.

    Respondents No. 75, fifty-six Ugandans, interviews by author, Arua, Gulu, Jinja, Kampala, Kitgum, Moyo, Soroti and Tororo, June–August, 1984; Africa Research Bulletin, January 1–31, 1980: 5546B.

  31. 31.

    Africa Research Bulletin, January 1–31, 1980: 5546A; Respondents No. 75, fifty-six Ugandans, Arua, Gulu, Jinja, Kampala, Kitgum, Moyo, Soroti and Tororo, June–August, 1984; “Uganda: No end of Trouble,” Africa Confidential, 21, 5 (February 27, 1980): 4.

  32. 32.

    See, for example, Ogenga Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Actor in the Zairian war,” in Howard Adelman and Govind C. Tao, eds., War and Peace in Zaire/Congo: Analyzing and Evaluating Intervention: 1996–1997. Trenton, NJ.: 2004: 24, 37–38. See also, UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators: 11. Here, it is estimated that Museveni’s army comprised over 8000 troops by September 1979.

  33. 33.

    See Museveni, Selected Articles on the Uganda Resistance War: 6.

  34. 34.

    Respondents No. 24, five Rwandese refugees, Mbarara, July 3, 1983; Respondents No. 25, eight Uganda Banyarwanda/Bafumbira and three Rwandese refugees, Kisoro, August 9, 1983; Essack, Civil War in Rwanda: 19, 36, 45; Rwanda Patriotic Front, “Background to Genocide,” (deposited at the Refugee Studies Programme, Oxford University), June 1994: 7–8; Watson, Exile from Rwanda: Background to an Invasion: 13. Y. K. Museveni, What is Africa’s Problems? Kampala: NRM Publications, 1992: 125; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 31.

  35. 35.

    Interview with Vice President Muwanga, Kampala, September 1984; Interview with President Binaisa, New York, March 2001; Respondents No. 76, two UNLA majors, five captains and two sergeants, conversation with author, Republic House, Kampala, March 15, 1983; Respondents No. 77, three FUNA officers, conversation with author, Nile Mansion, Kampala, September 18, 1985; Respondents No. 78, two officers and four members of UNRF, conversation with author, Wandegeya, Kampala, September 30, 1985. Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 31, also explained some of the terror that engulfed Ankole and Kampala as part of power struggle between the Fronasa and Obote’s Kikosi Maalum. According to Y. Museveni, Selected Articles on Uganda Resistance War: 6, the “Fronasa under the command of Museveni was assigned the Western Axis…”

  36. 36.

    Tito Okello, interview by author, Nairobi, July 24, 1992; UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 11; Gertzel, “The Politics of Uneven Development”: 24.

  37. 37.

    Tito Okello and Basilio Olara Okello, conversation with author, Nakasero, Kampala, December 13, 1982.

  38. 38.

    See Francis Agwa, “Did the UPC, Dr. Obote and the Langi kill the Okoyas and Omoya?”: 2; “Uganda: the Unending Muddle,” Africa Confidential, 21, 15 (July 16, 1980): 7. On the eve of the elections in November 1980, the pro-UPC newspaper, the Uganda Times, offered a new theory about the murder of Archbishop Luwum. See “Uganda: what might have been,” Africa Confidential, 21, 25 (December 10, 1980): 7–8. This theory, however, is not convincing. See “Uganda: Exile activity,” Africa Confidential, 18, 12 (June 10, 1977): 4.

  39. 39.

    Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda: 104, mentioned the appeal Major Oboma made to Acoli and Langi soldiers.

  40. 40.

    Respondents No. 79, seven Ugandan refugees who fled to eastern Zaire and then to southern Sudan, conversation with author, Oxford, August 25, 1995; Harrell-Bond, Imposing Aid: 31–41; Africa Research Bulletin, January 1–31, 1980: 5533C, 5546BC.

  41. 41.

    Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello, conversation with author, Nakasero, Kampala, December 12, 1980; Major Kapuchu, conversation with author, Nakasero, Kampala, May 3, 1984; “Uganda: Beyond the Coup,” Africa Confidential, 21, 12 (June 4, 1980): 6–7. UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 21; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 32; Africa Research Bulletin, January 1–31, 1980: 5545C-5546B.

  42. 42.

    These organizations were also quite effective in mobilizing armed opposition to the regime. See Africa Research Bulletin, January 1–31, 1980: 5546C-5546A; Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin,”: 478.

  43. 43.

    Respondents No. 80, three Baganda former members of Uganda Action Convention, conversation with author, London, December 19, 1992; Africa Research Bulletin, March 1–31, 1980: 5605BC.

  44. 44.

    Cited in “Nyerere under Fire,” New African (September 1979): 12.

  45. 45.

    Interview with Vice President Muwanga, Kampala, September 1984; Interview with President Binaisa, New York, March 2001; “From Hate to Love,” New African (September 1979): 15; Ingham, Obote: 161–162; Africa Research Bulletin, February 1–29, 1980: 5584ABC; Africa Research Bulletin, February 1–29, 1980: 5585A-C; UNLF anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 27; Tindigarkayo, “Uganda, 1979–85”: 612; Uganda Government, Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights in Uganda: 32.

  46. 46.

    See Ingham, Obote: 161–162; Africa Research Bulletin, February 1–29, 1980: 5584ABC; Africa Research Bulletin, February 1–29, 1980: 5585A-C; UNLF anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 27; Tindigarkayo, “Uganda, 1979–85,”: 612.

  47. 47.

    UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Uganda we Want. Mbale: UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, 1980: 17. See also, UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, Ibid.: 22–69.

  48. 48.

    See New Africa, 154, June 1980: 28; Africa Research Bulletin, March 1–31, 1980: 5610C; Africa Research Bulletin, April 1–30, 1980: 5954A; “Uganda: Opposition within the UNLF,” Africa Confidential, 20, 17 (August 22, 1979): 3; “Uganda: Funny Cargo,” Africa Confidential, 21, 7 (March 26, 1980): 7.

  49. 49.

    See “Uganda: Turmoil as usual,” Africa Confidential, 21, 10 (May 7, 1980): n.p.

  50. 50.

    See UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 19. For a similar strategy that the UPC employed while it was in power, see Obote, Proposals for New Methods of Elections of the People to Parliament: 1; Africa Research Bulletin, July 1–31, 1969: 1473; Africa Research Bulletin, September 1–30, 1969: 1533A.

  51. 51.

    UNLF Anti-Antidictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 21, 24.

  52. 52.

    Respondent No. 81, Aide to former President Binaisa, interview by author, London, December, 29, 1992; “Uganda: No end of Trouble,” Africa Confidential, 21, 5 (March 27, 1980): 5.

  53. 53.

    Interview with President Binaisa, New York, March 2001; New Africa, 154, June 1980: 28; Africa Research Bulletin, March 1–31, 1980: 5610C; Africa Research Bulletin, April 1–30, 1980: 5954A; UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 31.

  54. 54.

    Cited in UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 25.

  55. 55.

    Cited in Ibid.: 26.

  56. 56.

    Tito Okello, interview by author, Nairobi, July 23, 1992; Ingham, Obote: 162; UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The Military Dictators in Uganda: 31.

  57. 57.

    Tito Okello, interview by author, Nairobi, July 23, 1992; Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights in Uganda: 32.

  58. 58.

    For a similar view, see UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 30.

  59. 59.

    See Uganda Government, Report of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 33.

  60. 60.

    See Africa Research Bulletin, May 1–30, 1980: 5682C-5683C; Ingham, Obote: 163.

  61. 61.

    See Ingham, Obote: 163; Uganda Government, Report of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 33.

  62. 62.

    See Ingham, Obote: 163. Y. Museveni, Selected Articles on the Uganda Resistance War. 2nd edition. Nairobi: NRM Publications, 1986: 76, suggested that Museveni never endorsed the idea of holding a multi-party election. Furthermore, that he blamed the DP and UPC for dismantling the UNLF.

  63. 63.

    Respondents No. 82, two prominent members of DP from Buganda (former members of parliament), conversation with author, Kampala, September 22, 1985; Brigadier Basilio Okello, Brigade Commander of the 10th Brigade (former Brigade Commander of Central Brigade/Buganda region), conversation with author, Kololo, Kampala, May 2, 1985.

  64. 64.

    See UNLF Anti-Dictatorship, The New Military Dictators: 1–18.

  65. 65.

    See Ingham, Obote: 149–150; “Uganda: Not so Clear,” Africa Confidential, 21, 11 (May 21, 1980): 7; “Uganda: Beyond the Coup,” Africa Confidential, 21, 12 (June 4, 1980): 6; Africa Research Bulletin, May 1–31, 1980: 5683A. For such a claim, see Uganda Government, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 33.

  66. 66.

    See Africa Research Bulletin, August 1–31, 1980: 5779C.

  67. 67.

    See Tumusiime, ed., Uganda 30 Years: 56.

  68. 68.

    See Africa Research Bulletin, June 1–30, 1980: 5708C-5709A.

  69. 69.

    See, for example, Tumusiime, ed., Uganda: 30 Years: 57; Ingham, Obote: 164; “Uganda: Obote again?”, Africa Confidential, 21, 24 (November 26, 1980): 1–2.

  70. 70.

    Dr. Tiberonda Adonia, Minister of Industry, conversation with author, Uganda Airline flight from Entebbe to London, May 1985; Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of the DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983.

  71. 71.

    See Otunnu, “Uganda as a Regional Actor in the Zaire War”: 37–41; The Monitor, Kampala, Friday, November 9, 1993: 13; The Monitor, Wednesday, June 28–30, 1995: 5; Uganda Democratic Alliance, An Open Letter to His Excellency, Yoweri Museveni (February 6, 1989): 4; Uganda People’s Front, Who is Yoweri Museveni, his attitudes and views, past and present? Kampala (February 1988); N. Kabukol, The Challenge of a New Generation: Recolonization of Uganda. n.p., 1991: 11–14.

  72. 72.

    Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of the DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983.

  73. 73.

    Lieutenant General Basilio Okello, Commander of the Defence Forces (CDF), interview by author, Kololo, Kampala, September 3, 1985; Tito Okello, interview by author, Nairobi, July 25, 1992.

  74. 74.

    Brigadier Basilio Okello, Brigade Commander of the 10th Brigade, conversation with author, Kololo, Kampala, May 2, 1985; “Uganda: Rising Tension,” Africa Confidential, 21, 18 (September 3, 1980): n.p.

  75. 75.

    Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983; Dr. Tiberonda Adonia, Minister of Industry, conversation with author, Uganda Airline flight from Entebbe to London, May 1985.

  76. 76.

    Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983; Dr. Tiberonda Adonia, Minister of Industry, conversation with author, Uganda Airline flight from Entebbe to London, May 1985; Africa Research Bulletin, June 1–30, 1980: 5708B.

  77. 77.

    Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 139.

  78. 78.

    Respondents No. 82, two prominent DP leaders, Kampala, September 22, 1985; UNLF-AD, The New Military Dictators in Uganda: 1–18. Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 145, suggests that “the UPM’s offer to the DP to form a united front against the UPC was dismissed as a maneuver to rob the DP of victory!”

  79. 79.

    Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 139: suggested that “Around this time in mid-1980, when it was more or less clear that Obote and his supporters were determined to impose themselves on the people of Uganda, Museveni’s supporters urged him to go to the bush and fight Obote’s group. Museveni however declined, arguing that if he did so people would see him as an ambitious young man anxious to capture power for its own sake. It would be better, he seemed to be arguing, to wait until Obote and his men stumbled into some political blunder, which would give his opponents a casus belli to rebel against him.”

  80. 80.

    In Uganda, “to go to the bush” means to wage guerrilla wars against a regime.

  81. 81.

    Respondents No. 83, two former UNLA officers who witnessed the incident at Pajimo, interview by author, London, October 3, 1995.

  82. 82.

    According to Lule, Nyerere all along wanted Obote to return to power so that socialism would be imposed in the country. For his criticism of Nyerere and Tanzania’s policy in Uganda, see “They objected to my right-of-centre appointments,” New Africa, September 1979: 12–15.

  83. 83.

    See “Uganda: Beyond the Coup,” Africa Confidential, 21, 12 (June 4, 1980): 7–8; “Uganda: the Unending Muddle,” Africa Confidential, 21, 15 (July 16, 1980): 7.

  84. 84.

    Respondents No. 81, two prominent DP leaders, Kampala, September 22, 1985; Ingham, Obote: 165; Africa Research Bulletin, June 1–30, 1980: 5709A; Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence: 144.

  85. 85.

    Immediately after its annual delegate conference in Kampala, the DP claimed that it had become a truly national and democratic party because its executive included people from various parts of the country and members of other religious denominations. See Africa Research Bulletin, June 1–30, 1980: 5709A. About violence against DP supportersUganda People’s Congress (UPC)violence against DP in West Nile, see Africa Research Bulletin, August 1–31, 1980: 5778C-5780A; Africa Research Bulletin, October 1–31, 1980: 5832A-C; “Uganda: Rising Tension,” Africa Confidential, 21, 18 (September 3, 1980): n.p.

  86. 86.

    See Tindigarukayo, “Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition”: 613; “Uganda: the Unending Muddle,” Africa Confidential, 21, 15 (July 16, 1980): 5.

  87. 87.

    Harrell-Bond, Imposing Aid: 42.

  88. 88.

    See Uganda Government, Report of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights: 33–34.

  89. 89.

    Respondents No. 82, two prominent members of the DP, Kampala, September 22, 1985. For a different view, see Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 141.

  90. 90.

    Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983; Dr. Tiberonda Adonia, Minister of Industry, conversation with author, Uganda Airline flight from Entebbe to London, May 1985.

  91. 91.

    Interview with Vice President Muwanga, Kampala, September 1984; interview with Dr. Evaristo Nyanzi, Kampala, May 1984; Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983; Africa Research Bulletin, December 1–31, 1980: 5897A-5898A.

  92. 92.

    Cited in Africa Research Bulletin, December 1–13, 1980: 5901A.

  93. 93.

    Ibid. See also, Mutibwa, Uganda since Independence: 139.

  94. 94.

    Okeny Atwoma, Leader of the Liberal Party (former Vice-President of DP), interview by author, Kitgum, May 27, 1983.

  95. 95.

    Ibid; “Uganda: Obote Again,” Africa Confidential, 21, 24 (November 26, 1980): 3; Mutibwa, Uganda Since Independence: 144.

  96. 96.

    See Africa Research Bulletin, December 1–31, 1980: 5898B.

  97. 97.

    Gertzel, “Uganda after Amin: The Continuing search for Leadership and Control”: 489.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DePaul University, Chicago, USA

    Ogenga Otunnu

Authors
  1. Ogenga Otunnu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ogenga Otunnu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Otunnu, O. (2017). Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980. In: Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1979 to 2016. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56047-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56047-2_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56046-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56047-2

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation