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Taurine Homeostasis and Volume Control

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Glial Amino Acid Transporters

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 16))

Abstract

Taurine content is high (mM) in mammalian brain. By its major role as an osmolyte, taurine contributes to the cell volume control, which is particularly critical in the brain. Taurine participates in osmotic adjustments required to maintain the organization and size of intracellular compartments. It counteracts volume fluctuations in unbalanced transmembrane fluxes of ions and neurotransmitters, preserving the functional synaptic contacts. Taurine has a key role in the long-term adaptation to chronic hyponatremia as well as in other pathologies leading to brain edema. Together with other osmolytes, taurine corrects cell shrinkage, preventing mysfunction of organelles and apoptosis. Swelling corrective taurine efflux occurs through a leak pathway, likely formed by LCRR8 protein isoforms. Shrinkage-activated influx comes largely by the increased activity of the Na+/Cl−-dependent transporter. The brain taurine pool results from the equilibrium between (i) dietary intake and active transport into the cell, (ii) synthesis in the brain itself or import of that synthesized elsewhere, and (iii) leak and posterior excretion. The interplay between these elements preserves brain taurine homeostasis in physiological conditions and permits the proper adjustments upon deviations of normal in the internal/external environment.

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Abbreviations

CDO:

Cysteine dioxygenase

CSAD:

Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase

KO:

Knockout

LCRR8:

Leucine-rich repeat containing 8

TAUT:

Taurine transporter

VRAC:

Volume-regulated anion channel

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Acknowledgments

Work in the author’s laboratory is supported by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Grant No. PAPIIT IN205916.

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The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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  1. División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04500, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Herminia Pasantes-Morales

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Correspondence to Herminia Pasantes-Morales .

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  1. Department of Toxicology, Cinvestav-IPN México City, México, Mexico

    Arturo Ortega

  2. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

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Pasantes-Morales, H. (2017). Taurine Homeostasis and Volume Control. In: Ortega, A., Schousboe, A. (eds) Glial Amino Acid Transporters. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55769-4_3

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