Abstract
Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. (Aristotle)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, G. R., & Montemayor, R. (1987). Patterns of identity development during late adolescence: A descriptive study of stability, progression and regression. Unpublished manuscript. Logan, UT: Utah State University.
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275–324. doi:10.1177/0164027503025003004.
Ardelt, M. (2009). How similar are wise men and women? A comparison across two age cohorts. Research in Human Development, 6, 9–26. doi:10.1080/15427600902779354.
Ardelt, M. (2010). Are older adults wiser than college students? A comparison of two age cohorts. Journal of Adult Development, 17, 193–207. doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9088-5.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 24–45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504.
Baltes, P. B., Glück, J., & Kunzmann, U. (2005). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful life span development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 327–347). New York: Oxford University Press.
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–136. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.122.
Barzebat, D., & Bush, M. (2014). Contemplative practices in higher education: Powerful methods to transform teaching and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Beaumont, S. L. (2009). Identity processing styles and personal wisdom: An informational identity style predicts self-actualization and self-transcendence. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 95–115. doi:10.1080/15283480802669101.
Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: Relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11, 155–180. doi:10.1080/15283488.2011.557298.
Beaumont, S. L., Dimler, A., & Pryor, T. (2015). Passion, life meaning, and eudaimonic well-being in the growth-oriented identity processing style. Unpublished manuscript. Prince George, Canada: University of Northern British Columbia.
Beaumont, S. L., & Pratt, M. M. (2011). Identity processing styles and psychosocial balance during early and middle adulthood: The role of identity in intimacy and generativity. Journal of Adult Development, 18, 172–183. doi:10.1007/s10804-011-9125-z.
Beaumont, S. L., & Pryor, T. (2013). The role of mindfulness in identity and wisdom among emerging adults. Poster presented at the First International Mindfulness Conference, Rome, Italy.
Beaumont, S. L., & Pryor, T. (2015). Contemplative processes in identity and wisdom: Examining a growth-oriented identity style. Unpublished manuscript. Prince George, Canada: University of Northern British Columbia.
Beaumont, S. L., & Scammell, J. (2012). Patterns of spirituality and meaning in life related to identity. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(4), 345–367. doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.716380
Beaumont, S. L., & Seaton, C. L. (2008). Identity processing styles predict patterns of coping: The role of an informational identity style in positive reinterpretation and growth. Poster presented at the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Society for Research on Identity Formation, Chicago.
Beaumont, S. L., & Seaton, C. L. (2011). Patterns of coping associated with identity processing styles. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11, 348–336. doi:10.1080/15283488.2011.613590.
Beaumont, S. L., & Zukanovic, R. (2005). Identity development in men and its relationship to psychological distress and self-worth. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 37(1), 70–81. doi:10.1037/h0087246.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1988). Self-theorists, identity status, and social cognition. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 243–262). New York: Springer.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the life span: A process perspective on identity formation. In G. J. Neimeyer & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct theory (Vol. 1, pp. 155–186). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1992a). Identity style and coping strategies. Journal of Personality, 60(4), 771–788. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00273.x.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1992b). Identity Style Inventory (ISI3): Revised version. Unpublished measure.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). Identity style and well-being: Does commitment matter? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 131–142. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID030203.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2008). Identity formation: The role of identity processing style and cognitive processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 643–653. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.024.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2011). A social-cognitive perspective on identity construction. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 55–76). New York: Springer.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Adams, G. R. (1999). Reevaluating the identity status paradigm: Still useful after 35 years. Developmental Review, 19, 557–590. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0495.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Identity orientation and decisional strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 597–606. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00001-3.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2000). Identity status, identity processing style, and the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 81–98. doi:10.1177/0743558400151005.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Sullivan, C. (1992). Social-cognitive aspects of identity style: Need for cognition, experiential openness, and introspection. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 140–155. doi:10.1177/074355489272002.
Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 39–66. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0514.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 882–848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
Bruser, R., & Beaumont, S. L. (2010). The link between identity processing style and compassionate love: Are mindfulness and self-compassion key components? Poster presented at the 6th Biennial International Meaning Conference, Vancouver, BC.
Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267.
Clancy Dollinger, S. M. (1995). Identity styles and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 475–479. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1995.1028.
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the lifespan: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103–135). New York: Academic.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1990). The psychology of wisdom: An evolutionary interpretation. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 25–51). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-experiential theory. In L. Previn (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 165–192). New York: Guilford Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published in 1968).
Erikson, E. H. (1998). The life cycle completed (extended version). New York: Norton. (Original work published in 1982).
Germer, C. K. (2013). Mindfulness: What is it? What does it matter? In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (2nd ed., pp. 3–35). New York: Guildford.
Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, G. (2002). The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30, 821–829. doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821.
Grotevant, H. D. (1987). Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 3, 203–222. doi:10.1177/074355488723003.
Grotevant, H. D., Thorbecke, W., & Meyers, M. L. (1982). An extension of Marcia’s identity status interview into the interpersonal domain. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 33–47. doi:10.1007/BF01537815.
Hart, T. (2004). Opening the contemplative mind in the classroom. Journal of Transformative Education, 2, 28–46. doi:10.1177/1541344603259311.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016.
Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2007). Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 159–173. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9068-7.
Kroger, J., & Green, K. E. (1996). Events associated with identity status change. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 477–490. doi:10.1006/jado.1996.0045.
Kunnen, E. S., & Bosma, H. A. (2000). Development of meaning making: A dynamic systems conceptualization. New Ideas in Psychology, 18, 57–82. doi:10.1016/S0732-118X(99)00037-9.
Kunnen, E. S., & Wassink, M. E. K. (2003). An analysis of identity change in adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 347–366. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID0304_03.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of the ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281.
Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity six years after: A follow-up study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145–150. doi:10.1007/BF01537490.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 102–138). New York: Wiley.
Marcia, J. E. (1993). The ego identity status approach to ego identity. In J. E. Marcia, A. S. Waterman, D. R. Matteson, S. L. Archer, & J. L. Orlofsky (Eds.), Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 3–21). New York: Springer.
Merton, T. (1972). New seeds of contemplation. New York: New Directions. Original work published in 1961).
Neff, K. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139–154. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004.
Orlofsky, J. L., Marcia, J. E., & Lesser, I. M. (1973). Ego identity status and the intimacy versus isolation crisis of young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 211–219. doi:10.1037/h0034787.
Orwoll, L., & Perlmutter, M. (1990). The study of wise persons: Integrating a personality perspective. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 160–177). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). Seeds of wisdom: Adolescents’ knowledge and judgment about difficult life problems. Developmental Psychology, 37, 351–361. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.351.
Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Gratitude and well being: The benefits of appreciation. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(11), 18–22.
Schwartz, S. J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 7–58. doi:10.1207/S1532706XSCHWARTZ.
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2008). Individual differences in identity styles predict proactive forms of positive adjustment. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8, 249–268. doi:1010.1080/15283480802181891.
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2011a). Identity processing styles predict the use of mature, neurotic and immature defense styles. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11, 1–24. doi:10.1080/15283488.2011.540736.
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2011b). The link between identity style and intimacy: Does emotional intelligence provide the key? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11, 311–332. doi:10.1080/15283488.2011.613586.
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2014). Exploring the links between identity styles and forgiveness in university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 46, 366–374. doi:10.1037/a0032009.
Sneed, R., & Whitbourne, S. K. (2003). Identity processing and self-consciousness in middle and late adulthood. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, 313–319. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.6.P313.
Soenens, B., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Social-psychological profiles of identity styles: Attitudinal and social-cognitive correlates in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 107–125. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.001.
Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629–651. doi:10.1177/0265407505056439.
Staudinger, U. M., Dörner, J., & Mickler, C. (2005). Wisdom and personality. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 191–219). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80.
Stewart, A. J., Ostrove, J. M., & Helson, R. (2001). Middle aging in women: Patterns of personality change the 30s to the 50s. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 23–37. doi:10.1023/A:1026445704288.
Whitbourne, S. K. (1986). Personality development in adulthood and old age: Relationships among identity style, health, and well-being. Annual Review of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 7, 189–216.
Whitbourne, S. K., Sneed, J. R., & Skultety, K. M. (2002). Identity processes in adulthood: Theoretical and methodological challenges. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 29–45. doi:10.1207/S1532706XID0201_03.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beaumont, S.L. (2017). Identity Flexibility and Wisdom in Adulthood: The Roles of a Growth-Oriented Identity Style and Contemplative Processes. In: Sinnott, J. (eds) Identity Flexibility During Adulthood. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55658-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55658-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55656-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55658-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)