Abstract
The globalization and the international commerce resultant from the cultural, social, and economic development of mankind do bring worries. One of the most characteristic results of globalization is the creation of the Internet, a fact that links the global community together in a virtual world by means of the communication provided by the international network, which has extinguished the space, as mentioned by Jayme, and has represented a real rupture with the past.
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Notes
- 1.
Jayme (2003), p. 85.
- 2.
Lorenzetti teaches that “The Internet is ‘an international network of interconnected computers, allowing tenths of millions of people to communicate among themselves, as well as the access to a huge quantity of information all over the world’. Some legally interesting features can be observed: it is an open network, as anyone can access it; it is interactive, as the user generates data, navigates, and establishes relations; it is international, in the sense that it allows transcending the national barriers; there is a multiplicity of operators; it has a self-referring system configuration which lacks a center that may called ‘authority’, operates in a decentralized way, and builds the order as of chaotic rules; has the aptitude of generating its own rules on base of custom; presents an acceleration of the historic time; allows communication in ‘real time’, and a ‘de-territorialization’ of the legal relations; decreases drastically the cost of transactions”. Lorenzetti (2004), pp. 24–26.
It is said that the Word Internet has been first utilized in 1974. Mercosul.com (Org.) (2000), p. 6.
The Internet can be also defined as follows: “[...] international interconnected computers network, that allows its users a quick and dynamic exchange of matters […] Motta et al. (2005), p. 242.
Martins asserts that the Internet is one of the most emblematic faces of globalization. Martins (2010), p. 3.
- 3.
- 4.
Wald (2003), p. 61.
- 5.
Marques (2004), p. 72.
- 6.
The concept of supplier is in art. 3rd of the CDC. Marques says of the concept of supplier in Marques (2006), pp. 393–426.
See also, Pasqualotto (1991), p. 52, abr.
For the comments on art. 3rd of the CDC, see Nunes (2007), pp. 108–124.
In the same way, see Filomeno (2007), pp. 46–50.
Bessa explains the concept of equated supplier, beside the generic concept of supplier of art. 3rd of the CDC. The author explains that the Consumer’s Defense Code indicates and details in other parts, other than in art. 3rd, activities carried out by suppliers of products and services that are subject to the law. Therefore, the definition of equated supplier takes into consideration the preponderance of the supplier’s activity, and not the configuration of a supplier with all the requirements of the caput of art. 3rd. Bessa (2007), pp. 84–87.
- 7.
Martins asserts that the origin of the Internet “dates back to the 1960s, during the Cold War, when the North American government started the Arpanet project (precursor of the Internet, created by ARPA—Advanced Research Projects Agency, in the sense of a connection among military and industrial computers, in 1969, via the telephone network, so as to prevent a possible nuclear attack, and, in face of such preoccupation, not one only control center to be destroyed existed”—Martins (2010), p. 33.
The same way, it is asserted that the creation of the Internet occurred in in 1960s, in the United States of America, although being recognized as a global phenomenon only in the 1990s, with the creation of the World Wide Web, or simply www, which basic idea has been created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. Mercosul.com (Org.) (2000), p. 5 e 7.
- 8.
The B2B is also known as e-biz, defined as “the exchange of products, services, or information between companies, more than between companies and consumers”. Mercosul.com (Org.) (2000), p. 34.
- 9.
Ballarino refers that, besides the B2B and the B2C contracts, there are the P2P (peer to peer), which “are those entered between subjects of the ‘degree’, mainly known by the exchange of music files according to the modalities of Napster”. Ballarino (2006), p. 203.
- 10.
Professor Doctor Cesar Viterbo Matos Santolim, a Pioneer in the treatment of the legal aspects of E-commerce, in his excellent Master’s Dissertation, defended at the School of Law of UFRGS in 1993, subsequently published as a book, Formação e eficácia probatória dos contratos por computador. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1995, sustains that the consumer’s protection in E-commerce can occur by applying the principles already enshrined in that sphere, i.e. objective good faith, transparency, confidence, probity, vulnerability, obligational solidarity, and private autonomy. Santolim (2005) p. 55, jul./set.
We can say that Santolim has been inspired by the magnificent Clovis do Couto e Silva, magister emeritus at the School of Law of UFRGS, who pondered: “Certainly, the legal world has shortcomings, but this means that it is in a constant evolvement, making its principles dynamic, in contact with the social necessities, so as to comprehend situations not foreseen before”. Couto e Silva (1976), p. 113.
Junqueira asserts that to the electronic contracts are also applicable the principles of obligatoriness, autonomy of the will, consensualism, and good faith. Junqueira (1997), p. 111.
Following the steps of Santolim and Junqueira, Elias affirms that to those contracts entered via the Internet are applicable, besides the already mentioned principles, the one of loyal cooperation, and the one of information. Elias (2008), p. 70.
- 11.
On such theme, Sarlet (2009).
- 12.
The Jurists Committee has been created on December 2, 2010 by Act n° 305 of the Chairman, who has been reelected until March 31, 2012, by Acts of Chairman n° 308 of 2010, n° 115 of 2011, and n° 206 of 2011. In such period, the Jurists Committee has been presided by the Minister of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) Antonio Herman de Vasconcellos e Benjamin, and as members Professor Doctor Claudia Lima Marques (Relater-General), and by the professors doctors Ada Pellegrini Grinover, Leonardo Roscoe Bessa, Roberto Augusto Castellanos Pfeiffer and Kazuo Watanabe, and has been advised in the technical-legal area by the legal-technician Wellerson Miranda Pereira. The Report-General of the Committee may be read at Brasil. Senado Federal. Atualização do Código de Defesa do Consumidor: anteprojetos: relatório. Brasília, DF, [2012]. See, mainly p. 27 et seq.
- 13.
Senate Bill n° 281/2012 amends Act n° 8078, of September 11, 1990 (Consumer’s Defense Code), so as to improve the general provisions of Chapter I of Title I, and provide on E-commerce. Available at: http://www.senado.leg.br/atividade/rotinas/materia/getPDF.asp?t=177192&tp=1. Access on: 7 April 2016.
- 14.
Senate Bill n° 281/2012 amends Act n° 8078, of September 11, 1990 (Consumer’s Defense Code), so as to improve the general provisions of Chapter I of Title I, and provide on E-commerce. Explanation on synopsis. Available at: http://www.senado.leg.br/atividade/rotinas/materia/getPDF.asp?t=177192&tp=1. Access on: 7 April 2016.
- 15.
Brazil. Federal Senate. Jurists Committee presents report on the CDC updating. Available at: http://www12.senado.gov.br/noticias/materias/2012/03/14/comissao-de-juristas-encerra-primeira-etapa-do-cdc. Access on: 30 Jul. 2012.
- 16.
See comments on art. 31 of CDC by Benjamin, Antônio Herman de Vaconcellos e. Das práticas comerciais. In: Grinover, Ada Pellegrini et al. Código Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor: comentado pelos autores do anteprojeto. 9. ed. rev., atual. e ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2007. pp. 282–289. See also, Nunes (2007), pp. 396–411.
For an analysis on the application of art. 31 of the CDC by the courts, see Marques, Claudia Lima; Benjamin, Antônio Herman de Vasconcellos and; Miragem (2006), pp. 482–494.
- 17.
Senate Bill n° 281/2012 amends Act n° 8078, of September 11, 1990 (Consumer’s Defense Code), so as to improve the general provisions of Chapter I of Title I, and provide on E-commerce. Available at: http://www.senado.leg.br/atividade/rotinas/materia/getPDF.asp?t=177192&tp=1. Access on: 7 April 2016.
- 18.
Martins, Guilherme Magalhães. Information and Safety (Lecture). Consumer’s protection in E-commerce (Pannel). Seminar on regulation of E-commerce in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro and Palácio (2012).
- 19.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 20.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 21.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 22.
Marques (2012).
- 23.
Marques (2012).
- 24.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 25.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 26.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 27.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 28.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 29.
See the comments on art. 49 of the CDC in Nery Junior (2007), pp. 559–564. See also Nunes (2007), pp. 565–572. For an analysis of the application of art. 49 of the CDC by the courts, see MARQUES, Claudia Lima; BENJAMIN, Antônio Herman de Vasconcellos and; MIRAGEM, Bruno Nubens Barbosa. Comentários ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor: artigo por artigo. 2. ed., rev., updated & enlarged. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2006. pp. 670–683.
- 30.
Marques (2012).
- 31.
Marques (2006), p. 856.
- 32.
Marques (2006), p. 870.
- 33.
Almeida (2005), p. 105.
- 34.
Carvalho (2001), p. 106.
- 35.
Coelho (2006), p. 34, dez.
- 36.
See the synopsis of judgment: Synopsis: Consumer. Purchase and sale outside the business place. Exercising the right of cancellation. Payment by debit on the credit card. Cancellation. Persistence of collections. Passive legitimacy of seller, once it is impossible to identify the true causer of damage. Exegesis of art. 7, paragraph, of the CDC. Purchase made by the Internet. As the right of cancellation of the business has been rightfully exercised, by reason of its characteristics (art. 49 of the CDC), the collection of the parts related to the undone business is undue. Right to declaration of extinction of contract and unenforceability of installments. Judgment confirmed by its own fundamentals. Appeal not provided. Rio Grande Do Sul. Civil Appeal Panel. Civil appeal n° 71000955773, of the 3 rd Civil Appeal Panel. Appellant: Terra Networks Brasil S.A. Appealed Party: Luciane Ávila. Relator: Eugênio Facchini Neto. Porto Alegre, 3 de outubro de 2006. Available at: http://www.tj.rs.gov.br/site_php/jprud2/ementa.php. Access on: 30 Aug. 2008.
There are cases where art. 49 is applied to contracts entered via Internet. See: Synopsis: Consumer. Preliminary rejected. Purchase of air conditioner via Internet. Exercising the right of cancellation of purchase (art. 49 of the CDC) after 15 minutes of its concretion. Installments credited in credit card invoice. Request of returning the values not answered by respondent. Ordered to reimburse the unduly collected amount in double. Hypothesis of bad contractual execution, which, in general, does not give raise to indemnification for moral damages. Such amount estranged from condemnation. Appeal partially provided. RIO GRANDE DO SUL. Civil Appeal Panel. Civil appeal n° 71001388974, of the 1st Civil Appeal Panel. Appellant: Americanas.com. Appealed: Marcelo Ramos Azevedo. Relater: Heleno Tregnago Saraiva. Porto Alegre, March 27, 2008. Available at: http://www.tj.rs.gov.br/site_php/jprud2/ementa.php. Access on: 30 Aug. 2008.
Synopsis: Consumer. Purchase of home theater device via Internet. Exercising the right of cancellation (art. 49 of the CDC). Requesting replacement of purchased item for another of higher quality. Complementation of value by deposit into current account. Item delivery delayed. Business undoing requested. Necessity of returning the amount demonstrably paid for such title. Hypothesis of bad contractual execution, which, in general, does not give raise to indemnification for moral damages. Appeal partially provided. RIO GRANDE DO SUL. Civil Appeal Panel. Civil appeal n° 71001116813, of the 1st Civil Appeal Panel. Appellant: Globex Utilidades S.A. – Ponto Frio. Respondent: Patrick Jan Georg Klemt and Aline Leal Fontanella. Relater: Ricardo Torres Hermann. Porto Alegre, April 19, 2007. Available at: http://www.tj.rs.gov.br/site_php/jprud2/ementa.php. Access on: 30 Aug. 2008.
- 37.
Rio Grande (2010).
- 38.
Nery Junior (2007), p. 560.
- 39.
Almeida (2005), p. 109.
- 40.
Santolim (2004), pp. 93–94.
- 41.
Santolim, Cesar Viterbo Matos. The principles of consumer’s protection and E-commerce in the Brazilian Law. Revista de Direito do Consumidor, São Paulo, v. 14, n. 55, p. 79, Jul./Sep. 2005.
- 42.
Santolim (2012), p. 73 et seq.
- 43.
Art. 49 of the Senate Bill n° 281/2012. Amends Act 8078 of September 11, 1990 (Consumers Defense Code), for improving the general provisions of Chapter I of Title I and provide on E-commerce. Available at: http://www.senado.leg.br/atividade/rotinas/materia/getPDF.asp?t=177192&tp=1. Access on: 7 April 2016.
- 44.
Marques (2004), p. 259.
- 45.
Almeida (2005), pp. 107–108.
- 46.
Coelho, Fábio Ulhoa. Direitos do consumidor no comércio eletrônico. Available at: http://www.ulhoacoelho.com.br/pt/artigos/doutrina/54-direitos-do-consumidor-no-comercio-eletronico.html. Access on: 1 Aug. 2010.
- 47.
Coelho, Fábio Ulhoa. Direitos do consumidor no comércio eletrônico. Available at: http://www.ulhoacoelho.com.br/pt/artigos/doutrina/54-direitos-do-consumidor-no-comercio-eletronico.html. Access on: 1 Aug. 2010.
- 48.
Marques (2004), pp. 468–469.
- 49.
Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and the Council, of October 25, 2011. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:088:PT:PDF. Access on: 3 Aug. 2012. A deeper analysis of this European Directive will be made in a further opportunity.
- 50.
Directive 93/13/EEC of the Council, of April 5, 1993, ref. abusive clauses in contracts entered with consumers. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0013:PT:HTML. Access on: 3 Aug. 2012. As amended.
- 51.
Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, of May 25, 1999, on certain aspects on the sale of consumption goods and the guarantees thereto. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:171:0012:0016:PT:PDF. Access on: 3 Aug. 2012. As amended.
- 52.
Directive 85/577/EEC of the Council, of December 20, 1985, ref. the protection of consumers in the case of contracts negotiated outside the business places. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31985L0577:pt:HTML. Access on: 3 Aug. 2012. Revoked.
- 53.
Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, of May 20, 1997, ref. protection of consumers rel. remote contracts. Available at: http//ec.europa.eu/consumers/policy/developments/dist_sell/dist01es.pdf. Access on: 3 Aug. 2012. Revoked.
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Espíndola Longoni Klee, A. (2017). Consumer Protection in E-Commerce in Brazil: The Updating of the Consumer’s Protection Code. In: Lima Marques, C., Wei, D. (eds) Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55624-6_24
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