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Rule of Law, Human Rights and Judicial Control of Power pp 77–109Cite as

Judicial Review and Public Power in Kenya: Revisiting Judicial Response to Select Political Cases

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Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 61))

Abstract

This chapter discusses the development of the concept of judicial review in Kenya by considering how the Kenyan judiciary has adjudged four significant political cases . Judicial review in Kenya has experienced tremendous growth with the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 . This chapter offers a historical analysis of implementation of judicial review in Kenya by revisiting significant politically-oriented judicial decisions. This appraisal is particularly critical as it is conducted in the context of cases that attracted much public interest and had considerable political undertones. A two-pronged temporal approach is adopted, with the year 2010 serving as a dividing factor.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Marbury v Madison 5 U.S. 137 (1803).

  2. 2.

    Constitution of Kenya, Articles 159 to 162.

  3. 3.

    Thomas Hobbes (n 2).

  4. 4.

    Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan C.B. Macpherson (ed) (Penguin 1968) (1651) 183–90.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Tom Ginsburg, Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases (Cambridge University Press 2003).

  7. 7.

    Alexander Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch (Yale University Press, 1986).

  8. 8.

    David S. Law, ‘A Theory of Judicial Power and Judicial Review’ 97 The Georgetown Law Journal 723.

  9. 9.

    Ibid.

  10. 10.

    Geoffrey Garret & Bary R. Weingast, ‘Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing the European Community’s Internal Market’ in Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane (eds) Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change 1993.

  11. 11.

    Marbury v Madison 5 U.S. 137.

  12. 12.

    Ibid. This must be read together with Article 2 of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 which declares the invalidity of any Act to the extent of its inconsistency with the Constitution.

  13. 13.

    Ableman v Booth 62 U.S. 506 (1858).

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    D. Roderick Kiewiet and Mathew McCubbins, The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process 26 (1991).

  16. 16.

    Galapa Lynne, ‘The Doctrine of Separation of Powers: A Critical Analysis of Whether it has Achieved its General Application in Zambia and to what extent it has been Applied’, (LL.B Dissertation, University of Zambia).

  17. 17.

    Ibid 9.

  18. 18.

    Jeremy Waldron, ‘Rights and Majorities: Rousseau Revisited’ in Liberal Rights: Collected Papers 1981–1991 (Cambridge University Press) 1354.

  19. 19.

    For an in-depth analysis, see James Allan, The Three ‘Rs’ of Recent Australian Judicial Activism: Roach, Rowe AND (NO)’ Riginalism, 36 Melb. U. L. Rev. 743 (2012), Vipin Kumar, “The Role of Judicial Activism in the Implementation and Promotion of Constitutional Laws and Influence of Judicial Overactivism”, 19-2 IOSR J. Of Humanities & Social Sci. 20 (2014), at http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol19-issue2; Robert H. Bork, Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges (AEI Press 2003); Anthony C. Diala, Judicial Activism at South Africa’s Constitutional Court: Minority Protection or Judicial Illegitimacy? (L.L.M. thesis, Makarere U. (Uganda)) 5–17.

  20. 20.

    Ibid 1355.

  21. 21.

    Carlson Anyangwe, ‘The Zambian Constitution and the Principal of Constitution Autochthony and Supremacy’.

  22. 22.

    AIR [1973] SC at 1461.

  23. 23.

    Wade & Forsyth, Administrative Law (7th ed., 1994).

  24. 24.

    Paul Craig, ‘Ultra Vires and the Foundations of Judicial Review’ 57 (1998) The Cambridge Law Journal 63–90.

  25. 25.

    See for example, R v. Secretary of State for the environment ex p Rose Theatre Trust Company [1990] 1 All ER 754.

  26. 26.

    Hough, Barry. “Re-Examination of the Case for a Locus Standi Rule in Public Law, A.” Cambrian L. Rev. 28 (1997): 83.

  27. 27.

    Entick v. Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1030; R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Fire Brigades Union and ors [1995] 2 WLR 1; R v. Coventry City Council ex p Phoenix Aviation [1995] 3 All ER 37.

  28. 28.

    Hough Barry (n 22).

  29. 29.

    Justice Alnashir Visram, ‘Review of Administrative Decisions of Government by Administrative Courts and Tribunals’ (10th Congress of the International Association of Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions, March 2010).

  30. 30.

    <http://administrativelaw.uslegal.com/judicial-review-of-administrative-decisions/standing-of-persons-adversely-affected-or-aggrieved/#sthash.GMqQmgDq.dpuf> (accessed 29 June 2015).

  31. 31.

    Justice Alnashir Visram (n 27).

  32. 32.

    Maathai v Kenya Times Media Trust Ltd [1989] KLR 267.

  33. 33.

    Emphasis added.

  34. 34.

    Maathai W, Unbowed: A Memoir (Alfred Knopf, 2006).

  35. 35.

    Constitution of Kenya, 2010, Article 22; For a general discussion, see, Standing to Challenge Federal Administrative Actions in the Wake of Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. v. Camp, I LOYOLA U. (CHI.) L.J. 285, 289 (1970) and Peter Kaluma (n 83).

  36. 36.

    Civil Appeal No 176 of 1993.

  37. 37.

    Peter Kaluma, Judicial Review, Law Procedure and Practice (LawAfrica, 2009) 187.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    R v Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Ahmed Jibril ex parte East African Television Network Limited (EATN) Misc. Civil Application No. 403 of 1998.

  42. 42.

    The Civil Procedure Rules referred herein are now repealed by Civil Procedure Rules, 2010.

  43. 43.

    Mureithi & 2 others v Attorney General & 4 others (2006) KLR 707.

  44. 44.

    Constitution of Kenya, 2010; Article 22 (3).

  45. 45.

    Kenya Bankers Association v Minister for Finance and another (No 4) [2002] 1KLR 61.

  46. 46.

    Campbell, Colin, The Nature of Power as Public in English Judicial Review (March 1, 2009). Cambridge Law Journal, 68 (1), March 2009, pp. 90–117.

  47. 47.

    Akech M. ‘Publicizing the Global Private Sphere: The Odumbe Case and Judicial Review of the Power of International Sports Organizations’ (Commonwealth Law Conference, Nairobi 2007).

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc [1987] QB 815.

  50. 50.

    Justice Visram (n 29).

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Elizabeth Wainaina and others v The Board of Governors of Pangani Girls High School Miscellaneous civil case number 818 of 1992.

  53. 53.

    Rita Biwott v The Council of Legal Education Miscellaneous civil case number 1122 of 1994.

  54. 54.

    R v Judicial Service Commission Misc. Civil Application No. 1025 of 2003.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin plc (n 45).

  57. 57.

    Lee v. Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain (1952) 1 All E.R. 1175.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., at 1175.

  59. 59.

    Ibid., at 1181.

  60. 60.

    Republic v Kenya Cricket Association & 2 others [2006] eKLR.

  61. 61.

    Ibid.

  62. 62.

    Akech M (n 43).

  63. 63.

    See for example Rutledge v. Gulian, 93. J. 113, 459 A. ed 680 (N.J. 1983; Souleymane M’baye v World Boxing Association 429 F. Supp. 2d 660 (U.S. District Court) (2006); Forbes v NSW Trotting Club Limited (1979) 143 CLR 242; Ian Wiles & Others v Bothwell Castle Golf Club (2005) CSOH 108; Katrin Zimmerman Krabbe v Deutscher Leichtathletik Verband (DLV) & International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) (de La Rochefoucauld, 2002, p. 32).

  64. 64.

    Rose Wangui Mambo & 2 others v Limuru Country Club & 17 others (2014) eKLR.

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    Patel and others v Dhanji and others [1975] EA 301.

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    R v Bishop Silas Yego and the Registrar of Societies ex parte David Mulei Mbuvi and others Miscellaneous application No. 155 of 2006.

  69. 69.

    Ibid.

  70. 70.

    Zakhem Construction (Kenya) Ltd v Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Roads and Public Works and another Civil Appeal Number 244 of 2006.

  71. 71.

    See for example Shah Vershi Devshi & Co. Ltd v The Transport Licensing Board (1970) EA 631.

  72. 72.

    Constitution of Kenya, 2010.

  73. 73.

    See, for example, Jonathan Hassid and Jennifer N Brass, ‘Scandals, Media and Good Governance in China and Kenya’ (2014) Journal of Asian and African Studies; aranja W (2003) Kenya: Corruption Scandal. World Press Review 50: 10; Murunga GR and Nasong’o SW (2006) Bent on Self-destruction: The Kibaki Regime in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 24(1): 1–28.

  74. 74.

    See the Goldenberg Report; Gazette Notice No. 1237 of 24.2.03.

  75. 75.

    Patrick Ouma Onyango v Attorney General and 2 others [2005] eKLR.

  76. 76.

    Republic v Registrar of Societies & 5 Others Ex Parte Kenyatta & 6 Others (2008) 3 KLR (EP) 521.

  77. 77.

    Ibid. The Goldenberg Report averages that USD210 million (KES 13.5 billion) was allegedly paid by the Central Bank ofKenya to the Exchange Bank Limited for fictitious foreign exchange claims; See Africog.

  78. 78.

    Ibid.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    Wilfred Karuga Koinange (n 88).

  81. 81.

    I Peter Warutere, The Goldenberg conspiracy The game of paper, gold, money and power ISS Paper 117 September 2005.

  82. 82.

    None of the persons adversely mentioned in relation to the scandal were ever convicted by the Kenyan courts. However, Ketan Somaia, one of the alleged masterminds of the scandal, was convicted of fraud at a trial at the Old Bailey in London in 2014.

  83. 83.

    Wilfred Karuga Koinange V Commission Of Inquiry Into Golden Berg Commission [2006] eKLR.

  84. 84.

    Ibid.

  85. 85.

    Peter Kaluma (n 26).

  86. 86.

    Justice Visram (n 27).

  87. 87.

    Lawrence Nginyo Kariuki v County Council of Kiambu and another Miscellaneous Application No 1446 of 1994.

  88. 88.

    R v Isaac Theuri Githae Civil Appeal 12 of 2001.

  89. 89.

    Justice Visram(n 27).

  90. 90.

    Ibid.

  91. 91.

    Wilfred Karuga Koinange V Commission of Inquiry Into Golden Berg Commission (N 79).

  92. 92.

    Commissions of Inquiry Act, Chapter 102, Laws of Kenya.

  93. 93.

    Local Manufacturers (Export Compensation) Act, Chapter 482, Laws of Kenya.

  94. 94.

    National Assembly (Powers and Privileges) Act, Chapter 6, Laws of Kenya.

  95. 95.

    Council of Civil Service v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374.

  96. 96.

    Ibid., per Lord Fraser.

  97. 97.

    See EX-PARTE UNILEVER (PLC) 1996 STC 681; EX-PARTE PRESTON [1985] AC 835.

  98. 98.

    Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 A.C. 147 (HL); per Lord Reid.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    Ex parte Saitoti (n) p 47.

  101. 101.

    R v Kenya Roads Board ex parte John Harun Mwau Miscellaneous Civil Application No. 1372 of 2000.

  102. 102.

    Constitution of Kenya, 2010 (n 3); Chapter Six.

  103. 103.

    Constitution of Kenya, 2010; Article 22.

  104. 104.

    Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act No. 22 of 2011.

  105. 105.

    Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others v Mumo Matemu (n 115).

  106. 106.

    Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others v Mumo Matemu (n 115).

  107. 107.

    Ibid.

  108. 108.

    Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others v Mumo Matemu [2013] eKLR.

  109. 109.

    Ibid.

  110. 110.

    Agricultural Finance Corporation Act, cap 323, Laws of Kenya.

  111. 111.

    Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others v Mumo Matemu [2013] eKLR.

  112. 112.

    Mumo Matemu v Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others Civil Appeal 290 of 2012.

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    Ibid.

  115. 115.

    Ex parte Saitoti (n 87).

  116. 116.

    United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938).

  117. 117.

    See generally, Mark Smyth, ‘Inquisitorial Adjudication: The Duty To Inquire In Merits Review Tribunals’ (2010) Melb. UL Rev 230; Lindgren, Justice Kevin “Commentary’(2001).” Federal Law Review 29: 391.

  118. 118.

    Ibid.

  119. 119.

    Mumo Matemu v Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others (n 107).

  120. 120.

    It might be interesting to point the reader to the precise parts of the judgement that raise these interesting issues.

  121. 121.

    Although it has no direct impact to the conclusions drawn in this paper, we find it fit to note that following political pressure, Mumo Matemu resigned from office on May 12, 2015. This left the embattled anti-graft body without commissioners as Matemu’s resignation followed the resignation of two other officers. Fresh recruitment of their replacements commenced a day after Matemu’s resignation and it would be of great interest to trace and distinguish the on-going process from the previous one.

  122. 122.

    Constitution of Kenya (n 3), Chapter 11.

  123. 123.

    Ibid., Sixth Schedule.

  124. 124.

    Nation Team, ‘Embu Governor Impeached Over Abuse of Scarce County Resources’ (FEBRUARY 15, 2014) <http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/embu-governor-impeached-over-abuse-of-scarce-county-resources/-/1064/2207478/-/1m6s78/-/index.html> (accessed 30 June 2015).

  125. 125.

    Ibid.

  126. 126.

    Martin Nyaga Wambora v Speaker Of The County Of Assembly Of Embu & 3 Others [2015] eKLR.

  127. 127.

    Ibid.

  128. 128.

    Margaret Lorna Kariuki v Embu County Government [2015] eKLR.

  129. 129.

    Martin Nyaga Wambora (n 120).

  130. 130.

    The Senate Hansard, Tuesday, 13th May, 2014, Special Sitting.

  131. 131.

    Justus Kariuki Mate & another v Martin Nyaga Wambora & another Civil Application 8 of 2014 (Ur 6/2014).

  132. 132.

    Public Procurement and Disposal Act, 2007.

  133. 133.

    Public Finance and Management Act No. 18 of 2012.

  134. 134.

    Martin Nyaga Wambora (n 120).

  135. 135.

    Ibid.

  136. 136.

    Ibid.

  137. 137.

    Robert N. Gakuru & Others v The Governor Kiambu County Petition 532 of 2013.

  138. 138.

    County Assembly of Embu Standing Orders, Standing Order No. 61.

  139. 139.

    Halisbury’s Laws of England at page 218 (paragraph 95), Vol. 1(1); Mitra, Sayani, Protecting the Rule of Natural Justice (January 19, 2011). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1743442 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743442.

  140. 140.

    R v London Rent Assessment Panel Committee; ex p. Metropolitan Properties Co (FGC) Ltd (1969) CA.

  141. 141.

    Ibid.

  142. 142.

    Nixon v United States, 506 U. S. 224 (1993).

  143. 143.

    Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Section 188.

  144. 144.

    Article 165 (2) d (ii).

  145. 145.

    Wambora (n 48).

  146. 146.

    Nixon v United States (n 138).

  147. 147.

    Wambora (n 68).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Luis Gabriel Franceschi

  2. University of Navarra, Nairobi, Kenya

    Luis Gabriel Franceschi

  3. Strathmore Law School, Nairobi, Kenya

    Luis Gabriel Franceschi, Linet Muthoni & Emmah Senge Wabuke

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  1. Faculty of Law, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Rainer Arnold

  2. University of the Andes, Santiago, Las Condes, Chile

    José Ignacio Martínez-Estay

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Franceschi, L.G., Muthoni, L., Wabuke, E.S. (2017). Judicial Review and Public Power in Kenya: Revisiting Judicial Response to Select Political Cases. In: Arnold, R., Martínez-Estay, J. (eds) Rule of Law, Human Rights and Judicial Control of Power. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55186-9_5

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