Skip to main content

Employee and Human Resource Managers Perceptions About Family-Friendly Work Practices: A Case Study Focused on Perceived Organizational Support

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter looks at employee’s perceptions regarding the type of family-friendly work practices available to them by their employing organizations and, at the same time, it conveys their views on the organizational support received on these matters. The empirical research is based on a case study design that includes four companies belonging to different industries in Portugal . Overall, we conducted 24 in-depth interviews with both operational employees and human resource managers . The findings show that the HR managers in all the companies admit not having formal procedures on family-friendly work practices but only a set of informal practices that vary according to the functional level and the employee rank . The company size and resources, the type of operational activities or the work schedules are important explanatory factors for the scant adoption and implementation of family-friendly practices in these companies, and seem to play a more influential role than institutional forces. Immediate supervisor and co-worker support are perceived by the employees as fundamental sources of organizational support in the work–family life conciliation . The study limitations and future research suggestions are also presented.

Sandra Amorim holds a Master degree in Human Resources Management from the School of Economics and Management, University of Minho. Presently, she works for a private sector company.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Albrecht, G. (2003). How friendly are family friendly polices? Business Ethics Quarterly, 13, 177–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Allard, K., Haas, L., & Hwang, C. (2011). Family-supportive organizational culture and fathers’ experiences of work–family conflict in Sweden. Gender, Work and Organization, 18(2), 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Allen, T. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Amah, O. (2010). Family-work conflict and the availability of work-family friendly policy relationship in married employees: The moderating role of work centrality and career consequence. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 18, 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bagilhole, B. (2006). Family-friendly policies and equal opportunities: A contradiction in terms. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 34(3), 327–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bardoel, E. A. (2003). The provision of formal and informal work-family practices: The relative importance of institutional and resource dependent explanations versus managerial explanations. Women in Management Review, 18(1/2), 7–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Beauregard, A. (2007). Family influences on the career life cycle. In M. F. Özbilgin & A. Malach-Pines (Eds.), Career choice in management and entrepreneurship: A research companion (pp. 101–126). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., Kim, S., & Brownfield, E. (2005). 2005 National study of employers: Highlights of findings. Families and Work Institute. http://familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports. Accessed July 05 2015.

  10. Brought, P., & O’ Driscoll, M. (2010). Organizational interventions for balancing work and home demands: An overview. Work & Stress, 24(3), 280–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Coronel, J., Moreno, E., & Carrasco, M. (2010). Work–family conflicts and the organizational work culture as barriers to women educational managers. Gender, Work and Organization, 17(2), 219–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Daverth, G., Hyde, P., & Cassell, C. (2016). Uptake of organizational work-life balance opportunities. The context of support. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(15), 1710–1729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. de Sivatte, I., & Guadamillas, F. (2013). Antecedents and outcomes of implementing flexibility policies in organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(7), 1327–1345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. den Dulk, L., & de Ruitjer, J. (2008). Managing work-life policies: Disruption versus dependency arguments. Explaining managerial attitudes towards employee utilization of work-life policies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(7), 1222–1236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dolcos, S. M. (2006). Managing life and work demands: The impact of organizational support on work-family conflict in public and private sectors. North Carolina: North Carolina State University.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 124–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178–199.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative methods in business research. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. Frye, N., & Breaugh, J. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work-family conflict, family-work conflict and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(2), 197–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Galinsky, E., & Stein, P. (1990). The impact of human resource policies on employees. Journal of Family Issues, 11(4), 368–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Galinsky, E., Sakai, K., & Wigon, T. (2011). Workplace flexibility: From research to action. The Future of Children, 21(2), 141–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Giannikis, S. K., & Mihail, D. M. (2011). Flexible work arrangements in Greece: A study of employee perceptions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(2), 417–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Gibbs, G. (2007). Analyzing qualitative data. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Glass, J., & Fujimoto, T. (1995). Employer characteristics and the provision of family responsive policies. Work and Occupations, 22, 380–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Glass, J., & Estes, S. (1997). The family responsive workplace. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(289), 313.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gregory, A., & Milner, S. (2009). Editorial: work-life balance: A matter of choice? Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Grover, S., & Crooker, K. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies. Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 271–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hopkins, K. (2005). Supervisor support and work-life integration: A social identity perspective. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 445–468). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kirby, E. L., & Krone, K. J. (2002). The policy exists but you can’t really use it: Communication and structuration of work-family policies. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30, 50–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2005). Flexibility enactment theory: Implications of flexibility type, control, and boundary management for work–family effectiveness. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 243–262). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kotey, B., & Sharma, B. (2015). Predictors of flexible working arrangement provision in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Human Resource Management. doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1102160.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lewis, S. (2001). Restructuring workplace cultures: The ultimate work-family challenge? Women in Management Review, 16(1), 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2010). Work- life balance policy and practice: Understanding line manager attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 158–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. McCarthy, A., Cleveland, J., Hunter, S., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2013). Employee work-life balance outcomes in Ireland: A multilevel investigation of supervisory support and perceived organizational support. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(6), 1257–1276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. McCrea, R., Boreham, P., & Ferguson, M. (2011). Reducing work-to-life interference in the public service: The attributes of participative management as mediated by other work attributes. Journal of Sociology, 47, 313–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. McGowan, R. (2009). Managerial discourses of work and eldercare: (Re)producing, resisting, and negotiating boundaries between private and public. Culture and Organization, 15(3/4), 307–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. McNamara, T. K., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., Brown, M., & Valcour, M. (2013). Across the continuum of satisfaction with work–family balance: Work hours, flexibility-fit, and work–family culture. Social Science Research, 42, 283–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mesmer-Magnus, J., & Glew, D. (2012). Workplace predictors of family-facilitative coworker support. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 27(4), 289–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Monteiro, R., & Domingos, L. (2013). O sentido do direito à conciliação: Vida profissional, familiar e pessoal numa autarquia. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 73, 59–77.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Osterman, P. (1995). Work/family programs and the employment relationship. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 681–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Pasamar, S., & Valle, R. (2015). Antecedents of work–life involvement in work–life issues: Institutional pressures, efficiency gains or both? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(8), 1130–1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Pocock, B., Skinner, N., & Williams, P. (2008). Work- life outcomes in Australia: Concepts, outcomes and policy. In C. Warhurst, D. R. Eikhof, & A. Haunschild (Eds.), Work less, live more? Critical analysis of the work-life boundary (pp. 44–61). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Poelmans, S., Chinchilla, N., & Cardona, P. (2003). The adoption of family-friendly HRM policies: Competing for scarce resource in the labour market. International Journal of Manpower, 24(2), 128–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ryan, A. M., & Kossek, E. E. (2008). Work-life policy implementation, breaking down or creating barriers to inclusiveness. Human Resource Management, 47(2), 295–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Santos, G. G. (2015). Narratives about work and family life among Portuguese academics. Gender, Work and Organization, 22(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Santos, G. G., & Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2008). Work-family culture in academia: A gendered view of work-family conflict and coping strategies. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23(6), 442–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Seeleib-Kaiser, M., & Fleckenstein, T. (2009). The political economy of occupational family policies: Comparing workplaces in Britain and Germany. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(4), 741–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Straub, C. (2012). Antecedents and organizational consequences of family supportive supervisor behavior: A multilevel conceptual framework for research. Human Resource Management Review, 22, 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Sutton, K. L., & Noe, R. A. (2005). Family-friendly programs and work-life integration: More myth than magic? In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 151–170). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sumer, S., Smithson, J., Guerreiro, M., & Granlund, L. (2008). Becoming working mothers: Reconciling work and family at three particular workplaces in Norway, the UK and Portugal. Community, Work & Family, 11(4), 365–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Thompson, C. A., & Prottas, D. J. (2005). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 100–118.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work–family benefits are not enough: The influence of work–family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Thornthwaite, L., & Sheldon, P. (2004). Employee self-rostering for work-family balance: Leading examples in Austria. Employee Relations, 26(3), 238–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Townsend, K., McDonald, P., & Cathcart, A. (2016). Managing flexible work arrangements in small non-for-profit firms: The influence of organizational size, financial constraints and workforce characteristics. International Journal of Human Resource Management. doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1136671.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Vianen, A., & Fischer, A. (2002). Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 315–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Webber, M., Sarris, A., & Bessel, M. (2010). Organizational culture and the use of work-life balance initiatives: Influence on work attitudes and work-life conflict. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organizational Psychology, 3, 54–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Wise, S., & Bond, S. (2003). Work-life policy: Does it do exactly what it says on the tin? Women in Management Review, 18, 20–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zartaloudis, S. (2014). The impact of the fiscal crisis on Greek and Portuguese welfare states: Retrenchment before the catch-up? Social Policy & Administration, 48(4), 430–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gina Gaio Santos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Amorim, S., Santos, G.G. (2017). Employee and Human Resource Managers Perceptions About Family-Friendly Work Practices: A Case Study Focused on Perceived Organizational Support. In: Machado, C., Davim, J. (eds) Managing Organizational Diversity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54925-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics