Abstract
On May 22, 2012, Barack Obama gave a speech to the Israeli lobby group American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which has always exercised a lot of influence in the domestic politics of the United States by funding both Democratic and Republican candidates, and which consequently had a powerful influence on US international policy. In his talk, Obama said that a Palestinian State should be recognized according to the borders of 1967, before the Six Day War, warning that the isolation of Israel would grow without a reliable peace process in the Middle East.
A return to the 1967 borders was objectively and practically unfeasible. Israel wouldn’t even accept the return of the expelled Palestinians, since the regions occupied in the wars of 1947, 1967 and 1973 already had towns with luxurious neighborhoods, hospitals and universities. The Israelis wouldn’t give up these areas. And an agreement through a swap, an exchange of lands, as suggested by President Obama, also didn’t seem feasible. Additionally, the return of the Palestinians would mean the end of the ethnocratic, nationalist state with its religious and mystical ethos. In 2012, Israel had an estimated population of 7.6 million citizens, 5.7 million of which were Jews and almost 2 million Palestinians. It was surrounded by another 1.3 million Palestinians, 33% of which living with UN aid in refugee camps in the Gaza Strip (under the command of Hamas), and almost two million or more in the West Bank, administered by the Palestinian Authority, but also populated by more than 350,000 Israeli settlers, who controlled a vast area.
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Notes
- 1.
The idea of the State of Israel as a national home was born with the Ashkenazi Jew Tivadar Herzl, who sought financial support from the Rothschild family. The Dismemberment of Palestine was consummated with the Treaty of Sèvres (1920).
- 2.
- 3.
The Arabs had occupied Palestine for more than 1200 years, i.e., since the seventh century. The acquisition of land by Jewish immigrants from Europe began in the nineteenth century and after the First World War it continued with funds from the Jewish National Fund, on behalf of the Jewish people, and these lands could never be sold or leased back to the Arabs. But the Zionist project could already be achieved without the military support of Great Britain.
- 4.
James (1995, p. 275–391).
- 5.
Arakie (1973, p. 72).
- 6.
Apud Mearsheimer and Walt (2007, p. 51).
- 7.
Donald Neff, “Truman Overrode Strong State Department Warning Against Partitioning of Palestine in 1947”, Information Clearing House, Daily News Headlines Digest. “The United States and the Recognition of Israel: A Chronology”, Harry S. Truman Museum and Library, compiled by Raymond H. Geselbracht from Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel by Michael T. Benson.
- 8.
Truman (1956, p. 149).
- 9.
Apud Richard Holbrooke, “Washington’s Battle Over Israel’s Birth”, The Washington Post, May 7, 2008.
- 10.
Truman (1956, p. 132–137).
- 11.
Ibid., p. 154–155.
- 12.
Ibid., p. 150–153.
- 13.
Ibid., p. 162.
- 14.
Apud Richard Holbrooke, “Washington’s Battle Over Israel’s Birth”, The Washington Post, May 7, 2008.
- 15.
The General Assembly of the UN didn’t approve a partition plan, but only accepted the principle proposed by UNSCOP. See: Israel’s borders after the 1947 UN partition plan (UN-RESOLUTION No. 181) in: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947_de.svg. Accessed 04.02.2015. NB: After 1948, practically all of Palestine, the international zone, the west of Syria (Golan) and southern Lebanon were gradually occupied by Israel and settled by Jewish settlers.
- 16.
Neusner (2002, p. 282).
- 17.
The Jews who emigrated to Palestine spoke several languages, but only those from eastern Europe, the Ashkenazim, saw themselves as a nation and spoke Yiddish, a language that developed in the Middle Ages based on the German spoken in the region of the Rhine (Rheinland), with the influence of Hebrew, Slavic and other languages. Many Cossack Jews who served in the Imperial army in Russia, said they had their origins in Ashkenazi Jewish families from Kiev, Ladyzhin (a village on the banks of the Bug river) and Odessa. Brook (2010, p. 177). The Sephardi, Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, spoke and continued to speak Ladino (djudezmo), derived from the medieval Spanish, with influences from Hebrew, Turkish and Greek. Just as with Yiddish, however, Ladino or Judaeo-Spanish is only written in Hebrew characters.
- 18.
Sand (2010, p. 21–22).
- 19.
“Marx an Engels in Manchester, London, 10 Mai 1861 & Marx an Engels in Manchester, London, 30 Juli 1862”, in Marx and Engels (1974, p. 165 and 259).
- 20.
Freud (1967, p. 13–17).
- 21.
Ikhnaton or Amen-hotep IV of the 18th dynasty in Egypt, established a monotheistic religion in Egypt, represented by the god Aton, in order to take away the political power from the priests, especially those of the god Amon in the city of Thebes, and concentrate it in his own hands. (Freud 1967, p. 31–32.) After his death, the cult of Ikhnaton was banned in Egypt. The German Egyptologist Jan Assmann of the University of Heidelberg suggested that the cult of Ikhnaton caused an anti-monotheistic trauma in Egyptian cultural memory, which then led to anti-Hebrew sentiment in ancient Egypt (Assmann 2000, p. 77). The figure of Moses, therefore, was identified with the cult of Ikhnaton early on by the historian Manetho in the third century BC. However, Assmann denies that there is a causal relationship between the cult of Ikhnaton and Judaism (Assmann 2011, p. 47–48).
- 22.
Voltaire (1964, p. 295). See a map of Greater Israel in: Greater Israel—The Promised Land. https://lupocattivoblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/eretz-israel.png. Accessed 05.02.2015.
- 23.
In 1981, Israel incorporated the Golan Heights to its territory by law. See also: Israel after the Six-Day War (1967). In: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiran_Island#/media/File:Strait_tiran_83.jpg. Accessed 05.02.2015.
- 24.
Gordon (2008, p. 5).
- 25.
Ben-Menashe (1992, p. 208).
- 26.
Hersh (1991, p. 223–231).
- 27.
With the support of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and Shimon Peres, then director-general of the Ministry of Defense, the scientist Ernst David Berman, the son of a rabbi who had fled Nazi Germany, developed the program in the mid-1950s of the twentieth century. The first nuclear reactor in Israel was established near the Mediterranean, in Nahal Sorek, and Israel counted on the cooperation of France, which ceded nuclear material and scientists to collaborate in the construction of reactors. Hersh (1991, p. 19–46), Ben-Menashe (1992, p. 199–211).
- 28.
Hersh (1991, p. 11, 20–25, 60–61, 68–70).
- 29.
“Post-Mortem on SNIE 100–8-60: Implications of the Acquisition by Israel of a Nuclear Weapons Capability”, United States National Archives—Israel and the Bomb, p. 81–85.
- 30.
Ibid., p. 241–242.
- 31.
Ben-Menashe (1992, p. 208).
- 32.
OPEC was created in 1960 as a cartel to coordinate the oil production policies of its members, most of which from the Middle East, such as Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. African states, such as Libya, Algeria and Nigeria, as well as Venezuela, also participated in OPEC.
- 33.
In 1973, President Richard Nixon, facing the deterioration of the fiscal crisis in the United States, had to devalue the dollar by 10%, breaking both the Smithsonian Agreement and the European Joint Float, and paving the way for the free floating currencies. The dollar, which only the United States could produce, became the international reserve currency. General Charles de Gaulle, President of France (1959–1969), then accused the United States of taking on an “exorbitant privilege”, to the extent that it could continue financing its deficits by issuing more dollars and putting them into circulation. Brandt (1980, p. 305).
- 34.
Unger (2004, p. 36).
- 35.
Carter (2006, p. 67).
- 36.
Kierkegåard (1993, p. 49, 58–60).
- 37.
Neusner (2002, p. 162).
- 38.
- 39.
The Ashkenazim Jews, according to the writer Arthur Koestler and various scholars, were not ethnically of Hebrew origin. They were descended from the khazars, a people that adopted Judaism as the official religion probably around 740, during the reign of the bek Bulan Sabriel, perhaps due to the influence of his wife Serakh, who was Jewish, and/or his descendant Obadiah, due to contacts with the Jews of Persian origin persecuted by the Byzantine Empire, ancestors of the Mountain Jews, known as Juhuros, who lived in the East and North Caucasus, especially in Dagestan, Chechnya and Azerbaijan. According to Arthur Koestler, these Jews were ethnically closer related to the Hungarian, Magyar and Uighur tribes than with the seeds of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. The Khanate of Khazar occupied a strategic position between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and was destroyed by the Arabs between the seventh and eighth centuries. This led to a diaspora. A substantial part of the Khazar Jews fled to Poland, and another established itself in the region of the Rhine, Palatinate, Freiburg, Ulm and Heidelberg, in Germany, as well as in France. Brook (2010, pp. xi, 3, 126–127, 200–201), Koestler (1976, p. 13–19, 154–166, 223–226).
- 40.
Deutscher (1970, p. 30).
- 41.
Brook (2010, p. 3).
- 42.
Koestler (1976, p. 223–226).
- 43.
Natasha Mozgovaya, “Obama to AIPAC: 1967 borders reflect long-standing U.S. policy. U.S. president clarifies his Mideast vision for Israel, Palestine borders not identical to June 4, 1967 lines”, Haaretz, May 22, 2011. “Obama AIPAC address: 1967 borders reflect long-standing policy”, The Washington Post, May 22, 2011.
- 44.
Gro Harlem Brundtland and Jimmy Carter, “Two-State Solution on the Line”, The New York Times, November 25, 2012. See also: Israeli E1 settlement plan in West Jordan. In: New York Times, 30.11.2012 http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/12/01/world/middleeast/01israel-map.html?ref=middleeast. Accessed 06.02.2015
- 45.
Jodi Rudoren and Mark Landler, “Housing Move in Israel Seen as Setback for a Two-State Plan”, The New York Times, November 30, 2012.
- 46.
Gro Harlem Brundtland and Jimmy Carter, “Two-State Solution on the Line”, The New York Times, November 25, 2012. See also: Areas temporarily occupied by Israel. In: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Cia-is-map2.png. Accessed 14.04.2015.
- 47.
For more details, see Moniz Bandeira (2006, p. 77–81).
- 48.
The Balfour Declaration was issued on November 2, 1917, by the Foreign Minister of Great Britain, Arthur James Balfour, to Baron Rothschild, the leader of the British Jewish Community, to be transmitted to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 49.
In 1916, the General Presbyterian Assembly, the faith President Woodrow Wilson professed, adopted a resolution in favor of the establishment of a national home for the Jews in Palestine. This resolution was endorsed by the American Federation of Labor.
- 50.
Danny Rubinstein, “Qatar’s Hamas Ties Undermine Fatah’s Palestinian Authority Rule”, Al Monitor, October 29, 2012.
- 51.
Aluf Benn, “Israel killed its subcontractor in Gaza. The political outcome of the operation will become clear on January 22, but the strategic ramifications are more complex: Israel will have to find a new subcontractor to replace Ahmed Jabari as its border guard in the south”, Haaretz, 14/11/2012.
- 52.
Gershon Baskin, “Israel’s Shortsighted Assassination”, The New York Times, November 16, 2012.
- 53.
Nir Hasson, “Israeli peace activist: Hamas leader Jabari killed amid talks on long-term truce. Gershon Baskin, who helped mediate between Israel and Hamas in the deal to release Gilad Shalit, says Israel made a mistake that will cost the lives of ‘innocent people on both sides”, Haaretz, 15/11/2012. For a map of Gaza Strip: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazastreifen#/media/File:Karte_Gazastreifen.png. Accessed 14.04.2015
- 54.
Gershon Baskin, “Israel’s Shortsighted Assassination”, The New York Times, November 16, 2012.
- 55.
Aluf Benn, Haaretz, 14/11/2012. Jonathan Freedland, “The battle between Israel and Gaza solves nothing. All the violence in Gaza and Israel will do is sow hatred in the hearts of yet another generation”, The Guardian, November 15, 2012.
- 56.
Gershon Baskin, “Israel’s Shortsighted Assassination”, The New York Times, November 16, 2012.
- 57.
“Responses to the War in Gaza”, London Review on Books, vol. 31, n. 2, January 29, 2009, p. 5–6.
- 58.
Ibid.
- 59.
Rami Zurayk and Anne Gough, “Behind the pillars of cloud”, Al-Jazeera, Qatar, 22/11/2012.
- 60.
Clausewitz (1998, p. 17–20).
- 61.
David D. Kirkpatrick and Mayy El Sheikh, “An Outgunned Hamas Tries to Tap Islamists’ Growing Clout”, The New York Times, November 18, 2012.
- 62.
Ibid.
- 63.
Title I—General provisions—Art. 4: Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals. Convention IV, Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12, 1949. Adopted on August 12, 1949, by the Diplomatic Conference seeking to develop the international conventions for the protection of war victims, which met in Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949. It entered into effect in the international order on October 21, 1950.
- 64.
“By day the LORD went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night.” Torah, Exodus 13:21, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, editio quinta emendata, p. 108.
- 65.
Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu, “Iron Dome Foils 90 Percent of Missiles—The Iron Dome system has intercepted 90 percent of missile attacks on urban centers during the latest rocket bombardment from Gaza”, Arutz Sheva Israel National News Com, 3/11/2012.
- 66.
Paul Craig Roberts, “Puppet State America”, Institute for Political Economy, November 19, 2012.
- 67.
“Senate, House resolutions back Israel’s actions in Gaza”, The Global News Service of the Jewish People, November 16, 2012.
- 68.
Tony Capucci, “Israel’s U.S.-Financed ‘Iron Dome’ Effective Against Rockets”, The Washington Post, November 17, 2012.
- 69.
Efraim Halevy, “Israel needs a Gaza strategy more than war”, Financial Times, November 18, 2012.
- 70.
Harriet Sherwood, “Hamas says ‘gates of hell opened’ as Israel kills military leader in Gaza. Ahmed al-Jabari’s assassination in missile strike marks ‘start of broader operation’ that may involve ground troops, says Israel”, The Guardian, November 15, 2012. Phoebe Greenwood, “Israel has ‘opened the gates of hell’: Hamas warning as leader is killed in strike. Dispatch: As Israel and Gaza teeter on the brink of war, with Hamas warning that an air strike that killed Ahmad Jabari, the head of its military wing, has ‘opened the gates of hell’”, The Telegraph, November 14, 2012.
- 71.
Robert Fisk, “What was it all for? The murder of Palestinians and Israelis is just a prelude to the next Gaza war”, The Independent, November 23, 2012. “Palestinians: Gaza situation is very fragile and cease-fire violations threaten calm”, Associated Press/The Washington Post, November 23, 2012.
- 72.
Karin Brulliard and Abigail Hauslohner, “Israel pounds Gaza from air as troops assemble”, The Independent, November 18, 2012. “IDF prepares for ground invasion as Gaza offensive enters fourth day”, Haaretz, November 17, 2012.
- 73.
“1. a. Israel should stop all hostilities in the Gaza Strip land, sea and air including incursions and targeting of individuals. b. All Palestinian factions shall stop all hostilities from the Gaza Strip against Israel including rocket attacks and all attacks along the border. c. Opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods and refraining from restricting residents’ free movements and targeting residents in border areas and procedures of implementation shall be dealt with after 24 hours from the start of the ceasefire.” Anup Kaphle, “Terms of Israel-Palestinian cease-fire”, The Washington Post, November 21, 2012.
- 74.
The principle of “an eye for an eye”, actually restricts vengeance, limiting the punishment to the proportion of the damage.
- 75.
Exodus, 21.22–25, in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, editio quinta emendata, p. 121.
- 76.
Der Koran (Arabisch-Deutsch), Aus dem Arabischen von Max Henning, Teil 6—Sure 5—Die Reue, 45.
- 77.
Ethan Bronner e Christine Hauser, “U.N. Assembly, in Blow to U.S., Elevates Status of Palestine”, The New York Times, November 29, 2012.
- 78.
Jodi Rudoren and Mark Landler, “Housing Move in Israel Seen as Setback for a Two-State Plan”, The New York Times, November 30, 2012.
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Moniz Bandeira, L.A. (2017). Great Israel, Israel and Palestina. In: The Second Cold War. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54888-3_23
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