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The Law of the Baltic States

Abstract

The chapter gives an overview of the main institutes of public law. It describes constitutional institutions in Latvia which realises public power, pointing out importance of the Constitutional Court within the system of division of powers. The chapter also explains structure and content of the administrative law which consists of four large groups: law of administrative structure, administrative procedure law, material administrative law and law on administrative offences. The chapter focuses on the theory and rules of criminal law which are regulated by the Criminal Law, as well as practical and theoretical aspects of criminal procedure which are codified in the Criminal Procedure Law. It also explicates basics of Latvian financial regulation, budget and tax law. Finally, the chapter discusses about main topics of labour law—individual employment relations, collective labour relations, health and safety protection, dispute resolution and other labour rights enforcement mechanisms, as well as importance of national regular courts, the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republikas Satversme ). http://www.saeima.lv/en/legislation/constitution. The Satversme consists of the following eight Chapters: Chapter I—General Provisions; II—The Saeima (The Parliament); III—The President; IV—The Cabinet; V—Legislation; VI—Courts; VII—The State Audit Office; VIII—Fundamental Human Rights.

  2. 2.

    Balodis and Lazdiņš (2014), pp. 43–79, 342–346.

  3. 3.

    Balodis et al. (2013a), pp. 44–120; Lazdiņš (2015), pp. 43–67.

  4. 4.

    Rezevska (2014), pp. 346–350.

  5. 5.

    See also: Iljanova (2006), pp. V3–V65; Balodis (2006), pp. S.269–S.278.

  6. 6.

    Rodiņa and Pleps (2013), p. 431.

  7. 7.

    Druviete et al. (2014), pp. 295–331, 358–361.

  8. 8.

    Ombudsman Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Ombudsman_Law.pdf., see also Rodiņa (2012), pp. 384–396.

  9. 9.

    Constitutional Court Law. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/en/2016/02/04/constitutional-court-law. More about this topic in the chapter: Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia.

  10. 10.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No.2000-03-01, on 30 August 2000, para. 5. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/en/cases/.

  11. 11.

    See Art. 14, 48, 68, 72, 77, 78 of Satversme.

  12. 12.

    Law On National Referendum, Legislative Initiative and European Citizens Initiative. www.vvc.gov.lv/.../On_National_Referendumx_Legislative_Initiative_.

  13. 13.

    Karklina (2014), pp. 60–72.

  14. 14.

    The Saeima Election Law. http://www.saeima.lv/en/about-saeima/saeimas-velesanas-1/saeimas-velesanu-likums-1.

  15. 15.

    Rules of Procedure of the Saeima. http://saeima.lv/en/legislation/rules-of-procedure.

  16. 16.

    Referendum on 23 July 2011 about the dismissal of the 10th Saeima. http://web.cvk.lv/pub/public/29957.html.

  17. 17.

    Law on Presidential Elections. LV No. 79 (3655), 17.05.2007.

  18. 18.

    Balodis et al. (2013b), p. 53.

  19. 19.

    See. Dišlers (2004), pp. 114–137.

  20. 20.

    Karklina (2013), pp. 1213–1229.

  21. 21.

    See also. Pleps (2013b), pp. 121–139.

  22. 22.

    Law on the Structure of Cabinet Law. http://www.mk.gov.lv/en/content/cabinet-ministers.

  23. 23.

    Pleps (2013a), pp. 106–132; Balodis et al. (2013a), pp. 44–120.

  24. 24.

    State Audit Office Law. www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/.../State_Audit_Office_Law.doc.

  25. 25.

    Karklina (2012), pp. 273–287.

  26. 26.

    Law on Judicial Power. http://vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Judicial_Power.pdf.

  27. 27.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No. 2009-11-01 on 18 January 2010, para 5. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/judg_2009_11.htm.

  28. 28.

    Art. 85 provides: In Latvia, there shall be a Constitutional Court, which, within its jurisdiction as provided for by law, shall review cases concerning the compliance of laws with the Constitution, as well as other matters regarding which jurisdiction is conferred upon it by law. The Constitutional Court shall have the right to declare laws or other enactments or parts thereof invalid. The Saeima shall confirm the appointment of judges to the Constitutional Court for the term provided for by law, by secret ballot with a majority of the votes of not less than fifty-one members of the Saeima.

  29. 29.

    Constitutional Court Law. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/?lang=2&mid=9.

  30. 30.

    Rodiņa (2009), pp. 44–47.

  31. 31.

    Rules of Procedure of the Constitutional Court. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/en/2016/02/04/hello-world.

  32. 32.

    Rodiņa and Amoliņa (2014), pp. 128–129.

  33. 33.

    Rodiņa and Spale (2013), pp. 145–152.

  34. 34.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No. 2006-12-01 on 20 December 2006, para 9.2. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/judg_2006-12-01.htm.

  35. 35.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No.2008-35-01, on 7 April 2009, para 10.4. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/judg_2008_35.htm.

  36. 36.

    Rodiņa (2012), pp. 384–395.

  37. 37.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in case No 2013-15-01 on 23 April 2014, para 7. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013-15-01_2_Spriedums_ENG.pdf; Judgement of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in case No 2010-51-01 on 14 March 2011, para 10.2. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/Judgment_2010-51-01_ENG.htm; Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No.2010-60-01 on 30 March 2011, para 9. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/spriedums_2010-60-01.htm.

  38. 38.

    Decision of the Constitutional Court on termination of the procedure in case No 2010-09-01 on 13 October 2010, para 12. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/upload/lem_izb_2010-09-01.htm.

  39. 39.

    Rodiņa (2009), pp. 20–25.

  40. 40.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No 2012-16-01 on 10 May 2013, para 21. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2012-16-01_Spriedums_ENG.pdf.

  41. 41.

    Judgement of the Constitutional Court in case No 2012-23-01 on 24 October 2012, para 14. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-23-01_Spriedums_ENG.pdf; see also Rodiņa (2014a), pp. 1636–1640.

  42. 42.

    Rodiņa (2014c), pp. 319–335.

  43. 43.

    Rodiņa and Spale (2013), p. 140.

  44. 44.

    Rodiņa (2009), p. 146.

  45. 45.

    Rodiņa (2015), pp. 139–146.

  46. 46.

    Rodiņa (2014b), pp. 273–300.

  47. 47.

    The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Constitution.doc.

  48. 48.

    Administratīvā procesa izveide Latvijā: no idejas līdz likumam un administratīvajām tiesām (2009).

  49. 49.

    The term “administrative weakness” was used in the Conception of the State Administrative Structure Law as characterising the state of Latvian public administration in the end of 1990. See Levits (2002).

  50. 50.

    Administrative Procedure Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Administrative_Procedure_Law.doc.

  51. 51.

    State Administrative Structure Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/State_Administration_Structure_Law.doc.. See further on development of Latvian administrative law: Balodis et al. (2013b), pp. 57–63.

  52. 52.

    Law on the Structure of Cabinet of Ministers. LV, 2008, no 82.

  53. 53.

    Judgment of the Constitutional Court of 9 October 2007 in case No.2007-04-03. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/2007-04-02_Spriedums_ENG.pdf.

  54. 54.

    Law on Municipalities. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_Local_Governments.doc.

  55. 55.

    Law on Administrative Territories and Populated Areas http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Law_On_Administrative_Territories_and_Populated_Areas.doc.

  56. 56.

    In Latvian terminology the term is “novads”.

  57. 57.

    Judgment of the Constitutional Court of 16 October 2006 in case No.2006-05-01. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2006/04/2006-05-01_Spriedums_ENG.pdf.

  58. 58.

    See Judgment of the Constitutional Court of 2 March 2016 in case No.2015-11-03. http://www.satv.tiesa.gov.lv/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2015-11-03_Spriedums_ENG.pdf.

  59. 59.

    Civil Service Law http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/State_Civil_Service_Law.doc.

  60. 60.

    Draft Administrative Offences Procedure Law (Administratīvo pārkāpumu procesa likums). http://titania.saeima.lv/LIVS12/saeimalivs12.nsf/0/8F85FC1AE272C759C2257D8E004788AD?OpenDocument. Accessed on 19 May 2016.

  61. 61.

    On Prevention of Conflict of Interest in Activities of Public Officials. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_Prevention_of_Conflict_of_Interest_in_Activities_of_Public_Officials.pdf.

  62. 62.

    On physical acts or actual actions see further Briede (2006), pp. 529–533.

  63. 63.

    On administrative contracts see further Briede (2014), pp. 210–220.

  64. 64.

    See Article 1 of the Administrative Procedure Law.

  65. 65.

    Spatial Development Planning Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Spatial_Development_Planning_Law.doc.

  66. 66.

    Law on Notification. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_Notification.doc.

  67. 67.

    Law on Compensation for Damages Caused by Administrative Authorities. LV, 2005, no 96.

  68. 68.

    See further on remedies in administrative procedure Danovskis (2014), pp. 230–240.

  69. 69.

    Code of Administrative Offences. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Latvian_Administrative_Violations_Code.doc.

  70. 70.

    Draft Administrative Offences Procedure Law. http://titania.saeima.lv/LIVS12/saeimalivs12.nsf/0/8F85FC1AE272C759C2257D8E004788AD?OpenDocument.

  71. 71.

    Penal Code of 22 March 1903. Rīga: Valsts tipogrāfija, 1925.

  72. 72.

    Penal Code (Sodu likums). Rīga: Valsts tipogrāfija, 1936.

  73. 73.

    Criminal Code of RSFSR. Maskava: PSRS Tieslietu Tautas komisariāta Juridiskā izdevniecība, 1944.

  74. 74.

    Criminal Code of Latvia SSR. Rīga: Latvijas Valsts izdevniecība, 1962.

  75. 75.

    Criminal Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv.

  76. 76.

    In greater detail see: Krastiņš and Liholaja (2015), pp. 57–58.

  77. 77.

    The Constitution of Republic of Latvia. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Constitution.doc.

  78. 78.

    In greater detail see: Krastiņš et al. (2008), pp. 61–65.

  79. 79.

    See: Krastiņš et al. (2008), pp. 140; Krastiņš (2009), pp. 200–205.

  80. 80.

    The Concept of Criminal Penalty Policy. httr://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=186355.

  81. 81.

    On Amendments in the Criminal Law. httr://www.likumi.lv/ta/id/253698-grozijumi-kriminallikuma.

  82. 82.

    In greater detail see Liholaja (2013), pp. 4–21; Zahars (2014), pp. 10–21.

  83. 83.

    Law on Application of Compulsory Measures of Correctional Nature to Children http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/likumi?Compulsory-Measures-of-a-Nature-to-Children.

  84. 84.

    Criminal Procedure Law The current version of the law available from http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=107820 Unofficial translation of this Law into English is available from the link “Tulkojums” (Translation), however, not all amendments made to KPL have been incorporated into the translation.

  85. 85.

    In greater detail about the development of criminal procedural provisions see Meikalisa (2012), pp. 326–338.

  86. 86.

    Criminal Procedure Code of Latvia SSR: http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=90971.

  87. 87.

    On Accession by the Republic of Latvia International Human Rights Documents. Latvia SSR Supreme Council Declaration. Available at http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=75668&from=off.

  88. 88.

    On setting up a working group for elaboration of the draft of criminal code, criminal procedure code, penal execution code, administrative violations code of the Republic of Latvia and the draft law on judiciary of the Republic of Latvia http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=72748.

  89. 89.

    On amendments and addenda in the Criminal Code of Latvia SSR and in Criminal Procedure Code of Latvia SSR. Available at: http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=68680.

  90. 90.

    In greater detail see Meikalša and Strada-Rozenberga (2006a), pp. 43–68.

  91. 91.

    In greater detail see Strada-Rozenberga (2011a), pp. 185–191.

  92. 92.

    Strada-Rozenberga (2015), pp. 636–637.

  93. 93.

    Strada-Rozenberga (2007), pp. 637–660; Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2012), pp. 245–260.

  94. 94.

    In greater detail see Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2006b), pp. 68–71.

  95. 95.

    In greater detail see Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2006b), pp. 71–84.

  96. 96.

    In greater detail see Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2006b), pp. 87–100.

  97. 97.

    Strada-Rozenberga (2008a), pp. 352–371; Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2006b), pp. 100–103; Meikališa and Strada-Rozenberga (2012), pp. 245–260; Strada-Rozenberga (2014), pp. 51–90.

  98. 98.

    In greater detail see Meikališa (2014), pp. 4–19.

  99. 99.

    In greater detail see Meikališa (2015a), pp. 360–377.

  100. 100.

    In greater detail see Meikališa (2006b), pp. 428–455; Meikališa (2006a), pp. 428–455; Meikališa (2008), pp. 456–480; Strada-Rozenberga (2008b), pp. 501–527.

  101. 101.

    In greater detail see Strada-Rozenberga (2011b), pp. 591–602.

  102. 102.

    In greater detail see Strada-Rozenberga (2002), Strada-Rozenberga (2010), pp. 383–400.

  103. 103.

    See, for example, Baumanis (2015), pp. 108–127; Feldmane (2015), pp. 128–140; Ņesterova (2015), pp. 140–157; Strada-Rozenberga (2012), pp. 423–435.

  104. 104.

    In greater detail see Meikališa (2015b), pp. 95–150.

  105. 105.

    Robezniece et al. (2003), p. 117.

  106. 106.

    Ketners and Titova (2009), p. 59.

  107. 107.

    Ketners and Pētersone (2014), p. 15.

  108. 108.

    Thuronyi (2003), p. 33.

  109. 109.

    Law “On Personal Income Tax” http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_Personal_Income_Tax.doc.

  110. 110.

    Law “On Taxes and Fees”. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_Taxes_and_Fees.doc.

  111. 111.

    Law “On State Revenue Service”. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/On_the_State_Revenue_Service.doc.

  112. 112.

    Law “On Taxes and Fees in the Republic of Latvia” “Ziņotājs”, 3/4, 31.01.1991., “Diena”, 35, 21.02.1991.

  113. 113.

    Law On the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing.. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Prevention_of_Money_Laundering_and_Terrorism_Financing.doc.

  114. 114.

    Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32005L0060.

  115. 115.

    Council Directive (EU) 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32006L0112&from=LV.

  116. 116.

    Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 282/2011 of 15 March 2011 laying down implementing measures for Directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of value added tax. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32011R0282&from=LV.

  117. 117.

    Council Directive 2008/118/EC of 16 December 2008 concerning the general arrangements for excise duty and repealing Directive 92/12/EEC. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0118.

  118. 118.

    Law “On Corporate income tax”. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Enterprise_Income_Tax.doc.

  119. 119.

    A limited-liability company (SIA) qualifies as a microenterprise, provided that it meets the following criteria: the shareholders of the company are all individuals, who at the same time are members of the management board; the annual turnover of the company does not exceed EUR 100,000 (before 1 January 2014: LVL 70,000); and the total number of employees does not exceed five.

  120. 120.

    Solidarity Tax Law. LV, 248 (5566), 18.12.2015.

  121. 121.

    Law On Budget and Financial Management http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Budget_and_Financial_Management.pdf.

  122. 122.

    Law “On Local Government Budgets”. LV, 59 (342), 18.04.1995.

  123. 123.

    The Local Government Finance Equalization Law LV, 118 (5436), 18.06.2015.

  124. 124.

    Kraan et al. (2010).

  125. 125.

    Regulation (EU) No 1175/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 on the strengthening of the surveillance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R1175.

  126. 126.

    Fiscal Discipline Law. http://vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Fiscal_Discipline_Law.doc.

  127. 127.

    Internal Audit Law. http://www.vvc.gov.lv/export/sites/default/docs/LRTA/Likumi/Internal_Audit_Law.doc.

  128. 128.

    In 1922 the Law on Working Time was adopted. The Civil Law of Latvia, which also contained provisions regulating legal employment relations, was adopted on 1937. As regards collective labour law, the legal regulation was introduced in 1923 by the Law on Associations, Unions and Political Organizations and Regulations on Collective Agreements (1927). The law regulating collective bargaining and the conclusion of collective agreements was adopted in 1940.

  129. 129.

    The Labour Law, LV No.105, 6 July 2001.

  130. 130.

    The Constitution of Latvia, LV No.43, 1 July 1993.

  131. 131.

    Civil Law, LV No.41, 20 February 1937.

  132. 132.

    Labour Disputes Law, LV No.149, 16 October 2002.

  133. 133.

    Strike Law, LV No.130/131, 12 May 1998.

  134. 134.

    Work Safety Law, LV No.105, 6 July 2001.

  135. 135.

    The Law on State Social Security, LV No.274/276, 21 October 1997.

  136. 136.

    Work Safety Law, LV No.105, 6 July 2001.

  137. 137.

    The decision of 7 November 2013 of the Constitutional Court of Latvia in case No.2012-24-03, paragraph 16.2.1.

  138. 138.

    The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia Art. 108.

  139. 139.

    DL Art.5.

  140. 140.

    Directive 2002/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2002 establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community contains both terms—undertaking and establishment, OJ L 80, 23.3.2002, p. 29–34.

  141. 141.

    The decision of the CJEU in case C-232/09 Dita Danosa v LKB Līzings SIA, OJ C 220, 12.9.2009, p. 11.

  142. 142.

    Decision of Civil Cases Department of the Senate of the Supreme Court (27 March 2014) in case no.SKC-1683/2014.

  143. 143.

    The decision of the CJEU in case C-262/88, Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group, European Court reports 1990 Page I-018899.

  144. 144.

    For the purposes of this article, the term “employment contract” will be used instead of term “labour contract” as an official translation of the term “darba līgums”.

  145. 145.

    Council Directive 91/533/EEC of 14 October 1991 on an employer’s obligation to inform employees of the conditions applicable to the contract or employment relationship, OJ L 288, 18.10.1991, pp. 32–35.

  146. 146.

    CL Art. 2179.

  147. 147.

    The decision of the Supreme Court in case No.437/2008 (26 November 2008) available in Latvian at : http://at.gov.lv/lv/judikatura/judikaturas-nolemumu-arhivs/senata-civillietu-departaments/hronologiska-seciba_1/2008/.

  148. 148.

    Balodis (2011), pp. 479–502.

  149. 149.

    See. DL Art. 40.

  150. 150.

    See. DL Art 44.

  151. 151.

    Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP, OJ L 175, 10.7.1999, p. 43–48.

  152. 152.

    See. DL Art. 51–53.

  153. 153.

    See. DL Art. 60.

  154. 154.

    Decision of Civil Cases Department of the Senate of the Supreme Court (27 March 2014) in case no. SKC-1683/2014.

  155. 155.

    See. The Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No.656 The Regulations on the amount of monthly salary for normal working time and calculation of minimum hourly pay, LV No.232, 26 November 2015.

  156. 156.

    A time salary shall be calculated in conformity with the actual time worked irrespective of the amount of work done.

  157. 157.

    A piecework salary shall be calculated in conformity with the amount of work done irrespective of the time within which it was done. The working time regulation is applicable.

  158. 158.

    The Supreme Court (2010/2011), 22 l pp.

  159. 159.

    DL Art. 100.

  160. 160.

    Each condition based on considerations of morality and fairness that does not allow the continuation of employment legal relationships shall be regarded as such a cause. The issue whether there is good cause shall be settled by a court at its discretion.

  161. 161.

    DL Art. 101.

  162. 162.

    DL Art. 101 (2) (3) (4).

  163. 163.

    See. The Supreme Court (2010/2011), pp. 12–14.

  164. 164.

    Any condition which does not allow the continuation of employment legal relationships on the basis of considerations of morality and fairness shall be regarded as such a cause. The issue of whether there is good cause shall be settled by a court at its discretion. DL Art. 101(5).

  165. 165.

    DL Art 109.

  166. 166.

    An employer is obliged to pay severance pay in cases set out in Art. 101, Para. One, Clause 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 as well as in Art. 100, Para five.

  167. 167.

    DL Art.112.

  168. 168.

    DL Art 113.

  169. 169.

    DL Art. 114.

  170. 170.

    Preclusive term is the period after which a right can no longer be executed. According to the case law of the Supreme Court, the courts have to take into account the end of the preclusive term by their own initiative. See. The Supreme Court (2004), pp. 16–20; Kalniņš (2004).

  171. 171.

    DL Art. 123.

  172. 172.

    DL Art. 125.

  173. 173.

    See. Balodis (2011), pp. 527–548.

  174. 174.

    Trade Union Law (Arodbiedrību likums), LV No.60, 25 March 2014.

  175. 175.

    Employers’ Organisations and their Associations Law, LV No.161/162, 19 May 1999.

  176. 176.

    Law on Informing and Consulting Employees of European Community-scale Undertakings and European Community-scale Groups of Undertakings, LV No.82, 27 May 2011.

  177. 177.

    This law transposes Directive 2009/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 on the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purposes of informing and consulting employees, OJ L 122, 16.5.2009, p. 28–44.

  178. 178.

    According to the DL (Art.10), authorised employee representatives are one of the possible forms of employee representation. Authorised employee representatives may be elected if an undertaking employs five or more employees. Authorised employee representatives shall be elected for a specified term of office by a simple majority vote at a meeting in which at least half the employees employed by an undertaking of the relevant employer participate. The course of the meeting shall be recorded in minutes and decisions taken shall be entered in the minutes. Authorised employee representatives shall express a united view with respect to the employer.

  179. 179.

    Collective agreements at sectoral (territorial) level are called general agreements to differentiate them from agreements in an undertaking.

  180. 180.

    According to the DL (Art.6), provisions of a collective agreement, working procedure regulations, as well as the provisions of an employment contract and orders of an employer which, contrary to regulatory enactments, erode the legal status of an employee, shall not be valid. Provisions of an employment contract which, contrary to a collective agreement, erode the legal status of an employee shall not be valid.

  181. 181.

    If it is impossible to convene a general meeting of employees due to the large number of employees employed by an undertaking, or due to the nature of work organisation, the collective agreement shall be approved by a simple majority vote at a conference of employee representatives at which at least half of the employee representatives participate.

  182. 182.

    Eurofund (2015).

  183. 183.

    The Civil Procedure Law (, OG No.326/330, 3 November 1998).

  184. 184.

    DSL Art. 4, 9, 13.

  185. 185.

    DSL regulates voluntary mediation and arbitration as dispute settlement methods.

  186. 186.

    SL regulates general principles, declaration of strike, restrictions of right to strike, supervision of strike procedures and other issues related to strike.

  187. 187.

    The Law on State Social Insurance, LV No.274/276, 21 October 1997. Self-employed persons are protected against the risks of old-age, disability, sickness, maternity, paternity and parenting.

  188. 188.

    The State Funded Pension Law, LV No.78/87, 6 April 2000.

  189. 189.

    Self-employed persons are subject to mandatory statutory social insurance if their annual income attains a certain level (Article 6(3) of the Law on Statutory Social Security, LV No.274/276, 21 October 1997). Usually, and also currently, this annual income level must exceed 12 monthly statutory minimum salaries (The Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No.1478 ‘Regulations on minimum and maximum amount of mandatory statutory social insurance contribution object’, LV No.250, 20 December 2013).

  190. 190.

    Third tier pension schemes are regulated by the Law on Private Pension Funds (likums “Par privātajiem pensiju fondiem), LV No.150/151, 20 June 1997.

  191. 191.

    The Law on Pensions for the Military, LV No. 86, 1 April 1998; Law on Pensions for Employees of the System of the Ministry of Interior Affairs with Special Ranks, LV No. 100/101, 16 April 1998; Law on Pensions for Prosecutors, LV No. 181, 3 June 1999; Law on Long-Term Service Pensions for Judges LV No. 7 July 2006; Law on Pension for Artists of State and Municipal Orchestras, Choirs, Concert Organisations, Theatres, and Circuses, LV No. 106, 7 July 2004.

  192. 192.

    Darba aizsardzības likums, LV No.105, 6 July 2001.

  193. 193.

    Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1–8.

  194. 194.

    Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time OJ L 299, 18.11.2003, p. 9–19.

  195. 195.

    The State Labour Inspectorate Law, LV No.104, 9 July 2008.

  196. 196.

    Latvian Administrative Violations Code, LV No.51, 20 December 1984.

  197. 197.

    The Criminal Law, LV No.199/200, 8 July 1997.

  198. 198.

    The Civil Procedure Law, LV 326/330, 3 November 1998.

  199. 199.

    CPL Art. 28(9).

  200. 200.

    CPL Art. 43(1)(1).

  201. 201.

    CPL Art. 149(8).

  202. 202.

    The Ombudsperson Law, LV No.65, 25 April 2006.

  203. 203.

    The Law on the Constitutional Court, LV No.103, 14 June 1996.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Labour Relations and Labour Protection Policy Department, Ministry of Welfare, Riga, Latvia

    Māris Badovskis

  2. Law Faculty, University of Latvia, Raiņa bulv, 19, Riga, Latvia

    Jautrīte Briede, Edvīns Danovskis, Kristīne Dupate, Annija Kārkliņa, Valentija Liholaja, Anita Rodiņa & Kristīne Strada-Rozenberga

  3. BA School for Business and Finance, K. Valdemāra iela 161, Riga, Latvia

    Kārlis Ketners

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  1. Māris Badovskis
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  1. Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    Tanel Kerikmäe

  2. Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    Kristi Joamets

  3. Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

    Jānis Pleps

  4. Faculty of Law, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

    Anita Rodiņa

  5. Law Faculty, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Tomas Berkmanas

  6. Law Faculty, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Edita Gruodytė

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Badovskis, M. et al. (2017). Public Law. In: Kerikmäe, T., Joamets, K., Pleps, J., Rodiņa, A., Berkmanas, T., Gruodytė, E. (eds) The Law of the Baltic States. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54478-6_5

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