Skip to main content

Differential Diagnosis of TGA

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transient Global Amnesia
  • 622 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter considers the differential diagnosis of TGA. Key considerations include cerebrovascular disease (TIA, stroke), epilepsy (transient epileptic amnesia, TEA), and psychological causes, as well as a variety of other causes of transient amnesia (migraine, drugs, hypoglycaemia, head injury). On clinical grounds alone, it is often possible to distinguish TGA from other causes of transient amnesia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Accurti I, Proli F. Transient global amnesia: a personal series of idiopathic and post-traumatic cases. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1988;Suppl 9:25–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler AC, Warum D, Sapire JM. Transient global amnesia caused by hippocampal infarct: case report and review of literature. Clin Imaging. 2012;36:584–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agosti C, Borroni B, Akkawi N, Bordonali T, Padovani A. Acute myocardial infarction presenting with transient global amnesia spectrum. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansseau M, Poncelet PF, Schmitz D. High dose triazolam and anterograde amnesia. BMJ. 1992;304:1178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asadi-Pooya AA. Transient epileptic amnesia: a concise review. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;31:243–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attarian S, Michel B, Delaforte C, Chave B, Gastaut JL. A case of transient amnesia caused by cerebral thrombophlebitis: contribution of neuroimaging to physiopathogenesis of transient amnesia [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1995;151:552–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auyeung M, Tsoi TH, Cheung CM, et al. Association of diffusion weighted imaging abnormalities and recurrence in transient global amnesia. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18:531–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bardes I, Pujadas F, Ibarria M, Boada M. Transient global amnesia after tadalafil use [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 2008;131:78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch T, Butler C. Transient amnesic syndromes. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:86–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baxendale S. Memories aren’t made of these: amnesia at the movies. BMJ. 2004;329:1480–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benon R. Les ictus amnésiques dans la paralysie générale. Gaz Hôp (Paris). 1908:1335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benon R. Les ictus amnésiques dans les démences “organiques”. Ann Méd Psychol. 1909;67:207–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson DF, Marsden CD, Meadows JC. The amnesic syndrome of posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Acta Neurol Scand. 1974;50:133–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyrouti R, Mansour M, Kacem A, Zaouali J, Mrissa R. Transient global amnesia like syndrome associated with acute infarction of the corpus callosum: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016;116:375–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake R, Wroe S, Breen E, McCarthy R. Accelerated forgetting in patients with epilepsy: evidence for impairment in memory consolidation. Brain. 2000;123:472–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bobinger T, Köhrmann M, Raaz-Schrauder D, Schwab S, Kallmünzer B. Lost memories can break your heart: a case report of transient global amnesia followed by takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013;102:693–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Transient global amnesia and stroke. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:106–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brady AP, Hough DM, Lo R, Gill G. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography with iohexol. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1993;44:450–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Lewis V, Brown M, Horn G, Bowes JB. A comparison between transient amnesias induced by two drugs (diazepam or lorazepam) and amnesia of organic origin. Neuropsychologia. 1982;20:55–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler C. Transient epileptic amnesia. Pract Neurol. 2006;6:368–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler CR, Zeman AZ. Recent insights into the impairment of memory in epilepsy: transient epileptic amnesia, accelerated long-term forgetting and remote memory impairment. Brain. 2008;131:2243–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler CR, Zeman A. The causes and consequences of transient epileptic amnesia. Behav Neurol. 2011;24:299–305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Butler CR, Graham KS, Hodges JR, Kapur N, Wardlaw JM, Zeman AZ. The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:587–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan LB [sic]. Transient global amnesia. In: Frederiks JAM, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology. Volume 1(45). Clinical neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1985. p. 205–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan L, Chedru F, Lhermitte F, Mayman C. Transient global amnesia and migraine. Neurology. 1981;31:1167–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caramelli B, Dutra AP, Calderaro D, Yu PC, Gualandro DM, Marques AC. Transient global amnesia as a manifestation of acute myocardial infarction: a case of missed sudden cardiac death? Int J Cardiol. 2009;136:e14–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carota A, Lysandropoulos AP, Calabrese P. Pure left hippocampal stroke: a transient global amnesia-plus syndrome. J Neurol. 2012;259:989–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1019–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers J, Risk MT, Kean DM, Grant R, Ashworth B, Campbell IW. Severe amnesia after hypoglycemia. Clinical, psychometric, and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:922–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatham PE, Brillman J. Transient global amnesia associated with bilateral subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery. 1985;17:971–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ST, Tang LM, Lee TH, Ro LS, Lyu RK. Transient global amnesia and amaurosis fugax in a patient with common carotid artery occlusion – a case report. Angiology. 2000;51:257–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran JW, Morrell F, Huckman MS, Cochran EJ. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography. Report of seven cases. Arch Neurol. 1982;39:593–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colotto M, Maranghi M, Epifania A, Totaro M, Giura R, Durante C. Unmasking aortic dissection in patients of [sic] transient global amnesia: case report and diagnostic algorithm for the emergency department. BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011. pii:bcr0720103151

    Google Scholar 

  • Courand PY, Sibellas F, Gonidec S, Mechtouff L, Kirkorian G, Bonnefoy E. Acute myocardial infarction: a precipitating event for transient global amnesia. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2014;15:78–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Larner AJ. Recurrent hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment: a 14-year follow-up. Br J Hosp Med. 2016;77:540–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danek A, Uttner I, Straube A. Is transient global amnesia related to endogenous benzodiazepines? J Neurol. 2002;249:628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel BT. Transient global amnesia. Print version and ebook: Amazon; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deak G, Toth S. Vertebral angiography followed by transient Korsakoff’s syndrome [in Hungarian]. Ideggyogy Sz. 1964;17:119–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deisenhammer E. Transient global amnesia as an epileptic manifestation. J Neurol. 1981;225:289–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Tribolet N, Assal G, Oberson R. Korsakoff’s syndrome and transitory cortical blindness following vertebral angiography [in German]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1975;105:1506–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dharia S, Zeman A. Fatigue amnesia. Cortex. 2016;79:153–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan VB, Dogan GB, Turkmen U, Yayla VA. A case of thalamo-mesencephalon infarct presenting as transient global amnesia: do we overlook the diagnosis? Neurol Sci. 2017; doi:10.1007/s10072-017-2818-8. [Epub ahead of print]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duan H, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen M, Bao S. Transient global amnesia following neural and cardiac angiography may be related to ischemia. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2821765.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Evans JH. Transient loss of memory, an organic mental syndrome. Brain. 1966;89:539–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RW. The postconcussion syndrome. In: Aminoff MJ, editor. Neurology and general medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008. p. 593–603.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Felician O, Tramoni E, Barbeau E, et al. Isolated autobiographical amnesia: a neurological basis? [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009;165:449–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez A, Rincon F, Mazer SP, Elkind MS. Magnetic resonance imaging changes in a patient with migraine attack and transient global amnesia after cardiac catheterization. CNS Spectr. 2005;10:980–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer-Williams M, Gottschalk PG, Browell JN. Transient cortical blindness. An unusual complication of coronary angiography. Neurology. 1970;29:353–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM. Ataxic hemiparesis. A pathologic study. Arch Neurol. 1978;35:126–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM. Transient global amnesia. Precipitating activities and other observations. Arch Neurol. 1982a;39:605–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM. Pure sensory stroke and allied conditions. Stroke. 1982b;13:434–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM. Unexplained sudden amnesia. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1310–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM, Adams RD. Transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1964;40(suppl 9):1–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouchard AA, Biberon J, Mondon K, de Toffol B. Transient epileptic amnesia secondary to hippocampal dysplasia mimicking transient global amnesia. Seizure. 2016;43:23–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank G. Amnestic episodes in migraine. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of transient global amnesia (ictus amnésique) [in German]. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1976;118:253–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland D, Swash M. Post-traumatic amnesia and confusional state: hazards of retrospective assessment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:1068–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu PK, Hsu HY, Wang PY. Transient global amnesia after taking sibutramine: a case report. Neurologist. 2010;16:129–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto H, Imaizumi T, Nishimura Y, et al. Neurosyphilis showing transient global amnesia-like attacks and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities mainly in the limbic system. Intern Med. 2001;40:439–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo-Tur A, Romero-Godoy J, de la Cruz CC, Arboix A. Transient global amnesia associated with an acute infarction at the cingulate gyrus. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2014;2014:418180.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallassi R, Morreale A, Lorusso S, Pazzaglia P, Lugaresi E. Epileptic transient amnesia. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1988;Suppl 9:37–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallassi R, Morreale A, Di Sarro R, Lugaresi E. Epileptic amnesic syndrome. Epilepsia. 1992;33(suppl 6):S21–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin R, Brathen G, Ivashynka I, et al. EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1408–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandolfo C, Sugo A, Del Sette M. Sildenafil and transient global amnesia. Neurol Sci. 2003;24:145–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Carrasco M, Galarza C, Gomez-Ponce M, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome in Latin American patients: clinical and immunologic characteristics and comparison with European patients. Lupus. 2007;16:366–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaul C, Dietrich W, Tomandi B, Neundörfer B, Erbguth FJ. Aortic dissection presenting with transient global amnesia-like symptoms. Neurology. 2004;63:2442–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giang DW, Kido DK. Transient global amnesia associated with cerebral angiography performed with use of iopamidol. Radiology. 1989;172:195–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giannantoni NM, Lacidogna G, Broccolini A, et al. Thalamic amnesia mimicking transient global amnesia. Neurologist. 2015;19:149–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil R, Abdul-Samad F, Mathis S, Neau JP. Was there a confusion before 1950 between global transient global [sic] amnesia and psychogenic amnesia? [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2010;166:699–703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GJ. Transient global amnesia: manifestation of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1978;9:147–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert JJ, Benson DF. Transient global amnesia: report of two cases with definite etiologies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1972;154:461–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Martinez T, Galiano R. Transient global amnesia following the use of ergots in the treatment of migraine [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2004;39:929–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorelick PB, Amico LL, Ganellen R, Benevento LA. Transient global amnesia and thalamic infarction. Neurology. 1988;38:496–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graff-Radford J, Clapp AJ, Lanzino G, Rabinstein AA. Transient amnesia after coiling of a posterior circulation aneurysm. Neurocrit Care. 2013;18:245–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grande LA, Loeser JD, Samil A. Recurrent transient global amnesia with intrathecal baclofen. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1284–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greene HH, Bennett DR. Transient global amnesia with a previously unreported EEG abnormality. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1974;36:409–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenlee JE, Crampton RS, Miller JQ. Transient global amnesia associated with cardiac arrhythmia and digitalis intoxication. Stroke. 1975;6:513–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greer DM, Schaefer PW, Schwamm LH. Unilateral temporal lobe stroke causing ischemic transient global amnesia: role for diffusion-weighted imaging in the initial evaluation. J Neuroimaging. 2001;11:317–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta M, Kantor MA, Tung CE, Zhang N, Albers GW. Transient global amnesia associated with a unilateral infarction of the fornix: case report and review of the literature. Front Neurol. 2015;5:291.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guyotat MM, Courjon J. Les ictus amnésiques. J Med Lyon. 1956;37:697–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas DC. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:258–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas DC, Ross GS. Transient global amnesia triggered by mild head trauma. Brain. 1986;109:251–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JA. Transient global amnesia in neurolues. Practitioner. 1982;226:953–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halsey Jr JH. Cerebral infarction with transient global amnesia. Ala J Med Sci. 1967;4:436–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankey GJ. Recurrent migraine aura triggered by coronary angiography. Pract Neurol. 2004;4:308–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauge T. Catheter vertebral angiography. Acta Radiologica Suppl. 1954;109:1–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Healy D, Morgan R, Chinnaswamy S. Transient global amnesia associated with statin intake. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009. pii: bcr06.2008.0033

    Google Scholar 

  • Heine P, Degos JD, Meyrignac C. Cerebral angioma disclosed by 2 episodes of transient global amnesia [in French]. Presse Med. 1986;15:1049.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heon M, Reiher D, Dilenge D, Lamarche J. Ictus amnésique et hématome intraventriculaire. Neuro-chirurgie (Paris). 1972;18:503–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld G, Sperfeld AD, Kassubek J, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Sunderkotter C. Transient global amnesia (TGA) during an oral provocation test [in German]. Hautarzt. 2007;58:149–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR. Transient amnesia. Clinical and neuropsychological aspects. London: WB Saunders; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR, Warlow CP. Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards a classification. A study of 153 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:834–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holemans X, Dupuis M, Missan N, Vanderijst J-F. Reversible amnesia in a type 1 diabetic patient and bilateral hippocampal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diabet Med. 2001;18:761–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honma Y, Nagao S. Hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma manifesting as transient global amnesia. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996;36:234–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard RS, Festenstein R, Mellers J, Kartsounis LD, Ron M. Transient amnesia heralding brain stem infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang CF, Pai MC. Transient amnesia in a patient with left temporal tumor. Symptomatic transient global amnesia or an epileptic amnesia? Neurologist. 2008;14:196–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irioka T, Yamanami A, Yaqi Y, Mizusawa H. Aortic dissection as a possible cause of pure transient global amnesia: a case report and literature review. Neurol Sci. 2009;30:255–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson AC. Neurologic disorders associated with mitral valve prolapse. Can J Neurol Sci. 1986;13:15–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JH. On a particular variety of epilepsy (intellectual aura). One case with symptoms of organic brain disease. Brain. 1888;11:179–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson A, Stewart G, Wood A, Gillespie JE. Transient global amnesia and cortical blindness after vertebral angiography: further evidence for the role of arterial spasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(4 Suppl):955–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacome DE, Yanez GF. Transient global amnesia and left frontal haemorrhage. Postgrad Med J. 1988;64:137–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RJ, Brace SR, Vander Tuin EL. Probable propafenone-induced transient global amnesia. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;29:586–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juni J, Morera J, Lainez JM, Escudero J, Ferrer C, Sancho J. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography with iohexol. Neuroradiology. 1992;34:141–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaeser HE. Transient global amnesia due to clioquinol. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1984;100:175–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahya Eren N, Bülbül NG, Yakar Tülüce S, Nazli C, Beckmann Y. To be or not to be patent: the relationship between migraine and patent foramen ovale. Headache. 2015;55:934–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur N. Transient epileptic amnesia: a clinical update and a reformulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993a;56:1184–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur N. Focal retrograde amnesia in neurological disease: a critical review. Cortex. 1993b;29:217–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur N, Millar J, Abbott P, Carter M. Recovery of function processes in human amnesia: evidence from transient global amnesia. Neuropsychologia. 1998;36:99–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaveeshvar H, Kashouty R, Loomba V, Yono N. A rare case of aortic dissection presenting as pure transient global amnesia. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2015;26:e8–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HY, Kang HS, Roh HG, Oh J, Lee IK, Han SH. Transient global amnesia following vertebral artery angioplasty and stenting. Eur Neurol. 2006;56:133–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura S, Kumano T, Miyao S, Teramoto J. Herpes simplex encephalitis with transient global amnesia as an early sign. Intern Med. 1995;34:131–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff BA, Lugar HM, Smith SE, et al. Hypoglycaemia-induced changes in regional brain volume and memory function. Diabet Med. 2013;30:e151–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klötzsch C, Sliwka U, Berlit P, Noth J. An increased frequency of patent foramen ovale in patients with transient global amnesia. Analysis of 53 consecutive patients. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:504–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler PJ, Endtz LJ, den Bakker PB. Transient global amnesia after coronary angiography. Clin Cardiol. 1986;9:170–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltermann T, da Silva AV, MPLF N, Parizotto C, da Silva J, de Rezende Filho OB. Case report: caudate stroke simulating transient global amnesia. J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(Suppl 1):e387–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan K, Larner AJ. Concurrent onset of transient epileptic amnesia and Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(Suppl 3):468. (abstract 2386)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kritchevsky M, Chang J, Squire LR. Functional amnesia: clinical description and neuropsychological profile of 10 cases. Learn Mem. 2004;11:213–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurokawa Y, Ishizaki E, Kihara H, Inaba K. Two cases of transient global amnesia (TGA) immediately after coronary angiography: pathogenesis of the primary TGA [in Japanese]. No To Shinkei. 2004;56:69–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lampl Y, Sadeh M, Lorberboym M. Transient global amnesia – not always a benign process. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:75–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landi G, Giusti MC, Guidotti M. Transient global amnesia due to left temporal haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:1062–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lane R, Davies P. Migraine. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laplane D, Truelle JL. The mechanism of transient global amnesia. Apropos of some unusual cases [in French]. Nouv. Presse Med. 1974;3:721–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Transient global amnesia in the district general hospital. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:255–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. “Neurological literature”: cognitive disorders. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2008;8(2):20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Epileptic seizures in AD patients. Neruomol Med. 2010;12:71–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Something in common: Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. EP Epilepsy Prof. 2011a;21:12–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Unconscious driving phenomenon. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2011b;10(6):26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Acute confusional migraine and transient global amnesia: variants of cognitive migraine? Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67:1066.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Dementia in clinical practice: a neurological perspective. Pragmatic studies in the cognitive function clinic. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2014.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Gardner-Thorpe C. Robert Lawson (?1846-1896). J Neurol. 2012;259:792–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Moffat MA, Ghadiali E, Majid S, English P, Williams G. Amnesia following profound hypoglycaemia in a type 1 diabetic patient. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10(Suppl 1):92. (abstract P 1170)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Ghadiali EJ, Doran M. Focal retrograde amnesia: clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2004;25(S2):S128. (abstract P1-116)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood K, Capraro J, Hanson M, Conomy J. Neurologic complications of cardiac catheterization. Neurology. 1983;33(Suppl 2):143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lou H. Repeated episodes of transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1968;44:612–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozsadi DA, Larner AJ. Prevalence and causes of seizures at time of diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:121–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozsadi DA, Chadwick DW, Larner AJ. Late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis and cognitive decline; a diagnostic dilemma. Seizure. 2008;17:473–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maalikjy Akkawi N, Agosti C, Anzola GP, et al. Transient global amnesia: a clinical and sonographic study. Eur Neurol. 2003;49:67–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado A, Rodrigues M, Ribeiro M, Cerqueira J, Soares-Fernandes J. Tadalafil-induced transient global amnesia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22:e28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manes F, Hodges JR, Graham KS, et al. Focal autobiographical amnesia in association with transient epileptic amnesia. Brain. 2001;124:499–509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manes F, Graham KS, Zeman A, de Luján Calcagno M, Hodges JR. Autobiographical amnesia and accelerated forgetting in transient epileptic amnesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1387–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour G, Abuzaid A, Bellamkonda P. I do not even remember what I smoked! A case of marijuana-induced transient global amnesia. Am J Med. 2014;127:e5–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitsch HJ, Staniloiu A. The impairment of recollection in functional amnesic states. Cortex. 2013;49:1494–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marques-Vilallonga A, Aranda-Rodriguez S, Trallero-Araguas E, Jimenez-Moreno FX. Transient global amnesia associated to sildenafil and sexual activity [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2014;59:93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshman LA, Jakabek D, Hennessy M, Quirk F, Guazzo EP. Post-traumatic amnesia. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:1475–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucchi A, Moretti G, Caffarra P, Parma M. Neuropsychological functions in the follow-up of transient global amnesia. Brain. 1980;103:161–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCorry DJ, Crowley P. Transient global amnesia secondary to herpes simplex viral encephalitis. Q J Med. 2005;98:154–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meder JF, Mourey-Gerosa I, Blustain J, Lemaignen H, Devaux B, Fredy D. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography. A case report. Acta Radiol. 1997;38:273–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melo TP, Ferro JM, Paiva T. Are brief or recurrent transient global amnesias of epileptic origin? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:622–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meo R, Bilo L, Striano S, Ruosi P, Estraneo A, Nocerino C. Transient global amnesia of epileptic origin accompanied by fever. Seizure. 1995;4:311–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merriam AE. Emotional arousal-induced transient global amnesia. Case report, differentiation from hysterical amnesia, and an etiologic hypothesis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1988;1:73–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer MA. Neurologic disease. A modern pathophysiologic approach to diagnosis and treatment. London: Springer; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel D, Garnier P, Schneider F, Poujois A, Barral FG, Thomas-Antérion C. Diffusion MRI in pure transient global amnesia associated with bilateral vertebral artery dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17:264–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milburn-McNulty P, Larner AJ. Transient global amnesia and brain tumour: chance concurrence or aetiological association? Case report and systematic literature review. Case Rep Neurol. 2015;7:18–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JW, Petersen RC, Metter EJ, Millikan CH, Yanagihara T. Transient global amnesia: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Neurology. 1987;37:733–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minuk J, Melancon D, Tampieri D, Ethier R. Transient global amnesia associated with cerebral angiography performed with use of iopamidol. Radiology. 1990;174:285–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moersch F. Psychic manifestations of migraine. Am J Psych. 1924;80:697–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mondon K, Blechet C, Gochard A, et al. Transient global amnesia caused by painless aortic dissection. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:63–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monzani V, Rovellini A, Schinco G, Silani V. Transient global amnesia or subarachnoid haemorrhage? Clinical and laboratory findings in a particular type of acute global amnesia. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000;7:291–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moonis M, Jain S, Prasad K, Mishra NK, Goulatia RK, Maheshwari MC. Left thalamic hypertensive haemorrhage presenting as transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;77:331–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris 3rd HH, Estes ML. Traveler’s [sic] amnesia. Transient global amnesia secondary to triazolam. JAMA. 1987;258:945–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mumenthaler M, Kaeser HE, Meyer A, Hess T. Transient global amnesia after clioquinol: five personal observations from outside Japan. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1979;42:1084–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamizo T, Tsuzuki I, Koide T. Transient global amnesia with reversible white matter lesions: a variant of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Case Rep Neurol Med. 2015;2015:541328.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naldi F, Baiardi S, Guarino M, Spinardi L, Cirignotta F, Stracciari A. Posterior hippocampal stroke presenting with transient global amnesia. Neurocase. 2017;23:22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida A, Kaiya H, Uematsu M, Maeda M, Mori S, Wakabayashi S. Transient global amnesia and Raynaud’s phenomenon in scleroderma. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81:550–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olivarius BD, Jensen TS. Transient global amnesia in migraine. Headache. 1979;19:335–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortego-Centeno N, Callejas-Rubio JL, Fernandez MG, Carmello MG. Transient global amnesia in a patient with high and persistent levels of antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:407–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otrock ZK, Beydoun A, Barada WM, Masroujeh R, Hourani R, Bazarbachi A. Transient global amnesia associated with the infusion of DMSO-cryopreserved autologous peripheral blood stem cells. Haematologica. 2008;93:e36–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott BR, Saver JL. Unilateral amnesic stroke. Six new cases and a review of the literature. Stroke. 1993;24:1033–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paccagnella E, Gosavi TD, Neligan A, Walker M. Transient epileptic amnesia: an unusual case report. Poster presentation, BNA/ABN Meeting of Minds symposium, Cardiff, UK, 29 Sept 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheva I, Ivanov I. Acute confusional migraine: is it a distinct form of migraine? Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67:250–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmini AL, Gloor P, Jones-Gotman M. Pure amnestic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Definition, clinical symptomatology and functional anatomical considerations. Brain. 1992;115:749–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papanicolaou AC. The amnesias: a clinical textbook of memory disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papez JW. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1937;38:725–43. [Reprinted in J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995; 7:103-12.]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin AJ, Leng NRC. Neuropsychology of the amnesic syndrome. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelliccia F, Parodi G, Greco C, et al. Comorbidities frequency in takotsubo syndrome: an international collaborative systematic review including 1109 patients. Am J Med. 2015;128:654.e11–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrea RE, Nguyen T, Pikula A, Wilkenfeld A, Nedeljkovic Z, Kase CS. Transient global amnesia heralding a broken-heart syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(Suppl 3):212–3. (abstract P1718)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pexman JH, Coates RK. Amnesia after femorocerebral angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4:979–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pommer B, Pilz P, Harrer G. Transient global amnesia as a manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis. J Neurol. 1983;229:125–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poser CM, Ziegler DK. Temporary amnesia as a manifestation of cerebrovascular insufficiency. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1960;85:221–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradalier A, Lutz G, Vincent D. Transient global amnesia, migraine, thalamic infarct, dihydroergotamine, and sumatriptan. Headache. 2000;40:324–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradotto L, Orsi L, Mencarelli M, et al. Recurrent transient global amnesia as presenting symptoms of CADASIL. Clin Case Rep. 2016;4:1045–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard III PB, Holmstrom VL, Roitzsch JC, Giacinto J. Epileptic amnesic attacks: benefit from antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 1985;35:1188–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Profice P, Rizzello V, Pennestri F, et al. Transient global amnesia during transoesophageal echocardiogram. Neurol Sci. 2008;29:477–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pujol M, Kopelman M. Psychogenic amnesia. Pract Neurol. 2003;3:292–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quick S, Speiser U, Richter N, et al. Transient global amnesia and broken heart syndrome: two faces of one pathology. Clin Auton Res. 2015;25:189–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowicz AL, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda RC, Coleman AE. Transient epileptic amnesia in dementia: a treatable unrecognized cause of episodic amnestic wandering. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2000;14:231–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raffaele R, Tornali C, Genazzani AA, Vecchio I, Rampello L. Transient global amnesia and cerebral infarct: a case report. Brain Inj. 1995;9:815–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randall A, Ellis R, Hywel B, Davies RR, Alusi SH, Larner AJ. Rapid cognitive decline: not always Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2015;45:209–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran V, Jain S, Ming A, Bartlett RJ. Transient global amnesia in a patient with acute unilateral caudate nucleus ischemia. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:669–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg GA. Transient global amnesia with a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Arch Neurol. 1979;36:255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan AJ, Rosenbaum DH. Ictal amnesia and fugue states. Adv Neurol. 1991;55:357–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumpl E, Rumpl H. Recurrent transient global amnesia in a case with cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis (Sneddon syndrome). J Neurol. 1979;221:127–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito K, Kimura K, Minematsu K, Shiraishi A, Nakajima M. Transient global amnesia associated with an acute infarction in the retrosplenium of the corpus callosum. J Neurol Sci. 2003;210:95–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandyk R. Transient global amnesia: a presentation of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol. 1984;231:283–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandyk R. Transient global amnesia induced by lorazepam. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8:297–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz SA, Caplan LR. Transient global amnesia after sildenafil (Viagra) use. Neurology. 2002;59:778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scalzo SJ, Bowden SC, Ambrose ML, Whelan G, Cook MJ. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome not related to alcohol use: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:1362–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schamschula RG, Soo MY. Transient global amnesia following cerebral angiography with non-ionic contrast medium. Australas Radiol. 1994;38:196–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiefer J, Sparing R. Transient global amnesia after intake of tadalafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor: a possible association? Int J Impot Res. 2005;17:383–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schipper S, Riederer F, Sander PS, Gantenbein AR. Acute confusional migraine: our knowledge to date. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12:307–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RC, Kainth A, Sharma S. Transient global amnesia as a presenting manifestation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27:e209–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth RD, Riggs JE, Bodensteiner JB. Acute confusional migraine: variant of transient global amnesia. Pediatr Neurol. 1995;12:129–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shihman B, Auriel E, Bornstien NM. Two cases of transient global amnesia (TGA) following sildenafil use [in Hebrew]. Harefuah. 2006;145:656–7, 703

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla PC, Moore UB. Marijuana-induced transient global amnesia. South Med J. 2004;97:782–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shuttleworth EC, Wise GR. Transient global amnesia due to arterial embolism. Arch Neurol. 1973;29:340–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smithson E, Larner AJ. Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as herpes simplex encephalitis. Br J Hosp Med. 2013;74:52–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson EJ, Silbert PL, Benarroch EE, Jack CR, Parisi JE. Transient amnesic syndrome after spontaneous haemorrhage into a hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:761–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spigno F, De Lucchi M, Migliazzi L, Cocito L. Transient global amnesia after breathing hyperoxic mixtures in otherwise regular dives. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110:259–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ. Dissociative amnesia. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:226–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stracciari A, Ciucci G, Bianchedi G, Rebucci GG. Epileptic transient amnesia. Eur Neurol. 1990;30:176–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stracciari A, Guarino M, Crespi C, Pazzaglia P. Transient amnesia triggered by acute marijuana intoxication. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6:521–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuss DT, Guzman DA. Severe remote memory loss with minimal anterograde amnesia: a clinical note. Brain Cogn. 1988;8:21–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama A, Kobayashi M, Matsunaga T, Kanai T, Kuwabara S. Transient global amnesia with a hippocampal lesion followed by transient epileptic amnesia. Seizure. 2015;31:141–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takagi H, Umemoto T. ALICE (All-Literature Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence) group. A meta-analysis of case-control studies of the association of migraine and patent foramen ovale. J Cardiol. 2016;67:493–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi Y, Yamamoto T, Abe T, et al. Transient global amnesia and dural arteriovenous fistula of the anterior cranial fossa. Kurume Med J. 1996;43:223–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe M, Watanabe T, Ishibashi M, Hirano M, Tabuchi S, Takigawa H. Hippocampal ischemia in a patient who experienced transient global amnesia after undergoing cerebral angiography. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RA, Wu GF, Hurst RW, Kasner SE, Cucchiara BL. Transient global amnesia heralding basilar artery thrombosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;108:60–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teh CH, Robertson MN, Warkentin TE, Henriksen PA, Brackenbury ET, Anderson JA. Transient global amnesia as the presenting feature of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Card Surg. 2010;25:300–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tharp BR. Transient global amnesia: manifestation of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1979;10:54–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiu C, Terecoasa EO, Grecu N, Dorobat B, Marinescu AN, Bajenaru OA. Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography with iomeprol: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai MY, Tsai MH, Yang SC, Tseng YL, Chuang YC. Transient global amnesia-like episode due to mistaken intake of zolpidem: drug safety concern in the elderly. J Patient Saf. 2009;5:32–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Udyavar AR, D’souza RC, Gadkar N, Rajani RM. Transient global amnesia following coronary angiography. J Postgrad Med. 2006;52:70–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich NJ, Urion DK. Transient global amnesia in a young adult with cyanotic heart disease. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:334–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ung KYC, Larner AJ. Transient amnesia: epileptic or global? A differential diagnosis with significant implications for management. Q J Med. 2014;107:915–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wales LR, Nov AA. Transient global amnesia: complication of cerebral angiography. AJN R Am J Neuroradiol. 1981;2:275–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werring D, Greenberg SM, Gill S. Foundations of modern stroke medicine. The legacy of C Miller Fisher. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2015;15(5):18–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whishart DL. Complications of cerebral angiography as compared to non-vertebral cerebral angiography in 447 studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1971;113:527–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson J, Larner AJ. Transient global amnesia. Br J Hosp Med. 2015;76:C186–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M, Doran M, Enevoldson TP, Larner AJ. Cognitive profiles associated with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. Age Ageing. 2010;39:389–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong E, Patel A, Javasinghe R. Transient global amnesia following coronary angiography and angioplasty. Intern Med J. 2005;37:435–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolfenden AR, O’Brien MW, Schwartzberg RE, Norbash AM, Tong DC. Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia precipitated by cerebral angiography. Stroke. 1997;28:2311–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz A, Yencilek E, Apaydin FD, Duce MN, Ozer C, Atalay A. Transient partial amnesia complicating cardiac and peripheral arteriography with nonionic contrast medium. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(Suppl 4):L113–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota H, Yokoyama K, Iwasaki S. Transient global amnesia with intracranial vertebral artery dissection and hippocampal CA1 lesion. Neurol India. 2015;63:604–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon B, Yoo JY, Shim YS, Lee KS, Kim JS. Transient global amnesia associated with acute intracerebral haemorrhage at the cingulate gyrus. Eur Neurol. 2006;56:54–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida K. A case of transient global amnesia with small left putamen infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26:e27–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young CA, Humphrey PR, Ghadiali EJ, Klapper PE, Cleator GM. Short-term memory impairment in an alert patient as a presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis. Neurology. 1992;42:260–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman AZJ, Boniface SJ, Hodges JR. Transient epileptic amnesia: a description of the clinical and neuropsychological features in 10 cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:435–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman A, Butler C, Hodges J, Kapur N. The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia. In: Zeman A, Kapur N, Jones-Gotman M, editors. Epilepsy and memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 139–59.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman A, Hoefeijzers S, Milton F, Dewar M, Carr M, Streatfield C. The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, contributes to three distinct varieties of amnesia in the human brain – a detailed case report. Cortex. 2016;74:9–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR, Amaral DG. Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1986;6:2950–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorzon M, Antonutti L, Mase G, Biasutti E, Vitrani B, Cazzato G. Transient global amnesia and transient ischemic attack. Natural history, vascular risk factors, and associated conditions. Stroke. 1995;26:1536–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Larner, A.J. (2017). Differential Diagnosis of TGA. In: Transient Global Amnesia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54476-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54476-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54474-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54476-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics