Abstract
Software projects are among the most risky projects. Compared to projects in other industries, the success rates in software projects are low. One of the main reasons for low performance is attributed to ineffective project management. Even though there is an established body of knowledge in project management, the current performance in software projects calls for more research on software project management. We need new theories, models, and frameworks to establish foundations for further research. In this research, we developed a framework for software project management. The framework includes people, process, product, and risk management. It is named as 3PR framework. People management area includes communication, teamwork, leadership, organizational commitment, project manager, stakeholder involvement, and staffing and hiring. Process management area consists of requirements management, project monitoring and control, project planning and estimation, and scope management. Product management area contains configuration management and quality engineering. Risk management area includes risk assessment and risk control. Our framework recognizes the importance of people management in software development. Furthermore, process, product, and risk management are essential parts of the framework. The framework is developed based on an extensive review of literature and many industry standards. It is validated by a survey of software development and management practitioners. 3PR framework provided guidance for the development of a software project management effectiveness metric. It may also be used as a basis for development of effective software project management processes, for development of new project management metrics, for teaching software project management, and for curriculum development. In short, 3PR framework provides a foundation for further research in software project management.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Project Management Institute (PMI) (1996) A guide to the project management body of knowledge
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2000) A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2000 edn
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2004) A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 3rd edn
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2008) A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 4th edn. ANSI/PMI 99–001-2008
Project Management Institute (PMI) (2013) A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 5th edn. ISBN: 978–1–935589-67-9
Software Program Manager’s Network (SPMN) (1998) The program manager’s guide to software acquisition best practices, version 2.31. Computers & Concepts Associates
CMMI Product Team, (2002) Capability maturity model integration, version 1.1, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, March 2002
CMMI Product Team (2006) Capability maturity model integration, version 1.2. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
CMMI Product Team (2010) CMMI for development, version 1.3. CMU/SEI-2010-TR-033. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
Demir KA (2008) Measurement of software project management effectiveness. Doctoral Dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA
The Standish Group (2000) The standish group report: chaos
Philips D (2000) The software project manager’s handbook, principles that work at work. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos
El Emam K, Koru AG (2008) A replicated survey of IT software project failures. IEEE Softw 25(5):84–90
Wiegers KE (1996) Creating a software engineering culture. Dorset House Publishing, New York
Bach J (1995) Enough about process: what we need are heroes, IEEE Software, March
Curtis B, Hefley W E, Miller SA (1995) People capability maturity model, version 1.0. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
Humphrey WS (1989) Managing the software process. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Humphrey WS (1996) Using a defined and measured personal software process. IEEE Softw 13(3):77–88
Humphrey WS (1997) Introduction to the personal software process. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Kulpa M (2007) Why Should I use the People CMM? Crosstalk - J Def Softw Eng:19–22
Brooks FP Jr (1975) The mythical man-month: essays on software engineering. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Bach J (1994) The immaturity of CMM. American Programmer, September
Curtis B, HefleyW E, Miller SA (2001) People capability maturity model, Version 2.0. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
Humphrey WS (1995) A discipline for software engineering. Addison-Wesley., Reading
DeMarco T, Lister T (1987) Peopleware: productive projects and teams. Dorset House Publishing Company, New York
DeMarco T, Lister T (1999) Peopleware: productive projects and teams, 2nd edn. Dorset House Publishing Company, New York
Weinberg G (1994) Quality software management: volume 3 congruent action. Dorset House Publishing, New York
Cooke-Davies TJ (2004) Measurement of organizational maturity, Innovations – project management research, Chapter 13
Sackman H, Erikson WJ, Grant EE (1968) Exploratory experimental studies comparing online and offline programming performance. Commun ACM 11(1):3–11
Center for Software Engineering (CSE) at USC (1999) COCOMO II model definition manual. University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, USA
Hughes B, Cotterell M (2002) Software project management, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd, Berkshire
IEEE (1990) Standards coordinating committee of the computer society of the IEEE. IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology. IEEE, New York
Endres A, Rombach D (2003) A handbook of software and systems engineering empirical observations, laws and theories. Pearson Education, Essex, England
Blum B (1992) Software engineering, a holistic view. Oxford University Press, New York
Turner JR (2006) Towards a theory of project management: the nature of the project. Int J Proj Manag 24:1–3. 93-95, 187-189
IEEE (2004) Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge (SWEBOK), 2004 Version
International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) (2003) Guide to the systems engineering body of knowledge
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2007) Systems engineering handbook
Department of Defense (DoD) (1995) MIL-STD-498 military standard software development and documentation
Boehm BW (1991) Software risk management: principles and practices. IEEE Softw 8(1):32–41
Jones C (1994) Assessment and control of software risks. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Muller R (2003) Determinants for external communications of IT project managers. Int J Proj Manag 21:345–354
Grinter RE (1996) Understanding dependencies: a study of the coordination challenges in software development. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine, USA
Brown BB (2003) Employees’ organizational commitment and their perception of supervisors’ relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
LesRisk (2008) Definition of risk control. http://www.lesrisk.com/glossary.htm. Accessed 25 Sep 2016
Futrell RT, Shafer DF Safer LI (2002) Quality software project management. Prentice Hall
Forsberg K, Mooz H, Cotterman H (2005) Visualizing project management. Wiley, Hoboken
The Standish Group (1995) The standish group report: chaos, West Yarmouth, MA
Slevin DP, Cleland DI, Pinto JK (2002) The frontiers of project management research. Project Management Institute, Pennsylvania
Yourdon E (2003) Death March, 2nd edn. Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, Upper Saddle River
Jones C (2004) Software project management practices: failure versus success. Crosstalk - J Def Softw Eng 17(10):5–9
Cicibas H, Unal O, Demir KA (2010) A comparison of project management software tools (PMST). In: Proceedings of the Software Engineering Research and Practice (SERP 2010), pp 560–565, July 12–15, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Robertson S, Robertson J (2005) Requirements-led project management. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston
Defense Science Board (DSB) (2000) Report of the defense science board task force on defense software
Boehm BW (1981) Software engineering economics. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
Boehm BW, Madachy R, Steece B (2000) Software cost estimation with COCOMO II, Prentice Hall PTR
Thomsett R (1995) Project pathology: a study of project failures. American Programmer, July, 8–16
Chowhan SS, Shekhwat N (2015) Business and management. Lulu Online Publishing
Moe NB, Dingsøyr T, Dybå T (2009) Overcoming barriers to self-management in software teams. IEEE Softw 26(6):20–26
Dingsøyr T Dybå T (2012) Team effectiveness in software development. 5th international workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering, (CHASE 2012)
Demir KA (2009) A survey on challenges of software project management . Proc. Software Engineering Research and Practice (SERP 2009), pp 579–585, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 13–16 July 2009
Dingsoyr T, Faegri TE, Dyba T, Haugset B, Lindsjorn Y (2016) Team performance in software development: research results versus agile principles. IEEE Softw 33(4):106–110. doi:10.1109/MS.2016.100
Hoegl M, Gemuenden HG (2001) Teamwork quality and the success of innovative projects: a theoretical concept and empirical evidence. Organ Sci 12:435–449. Jul-Aug 2001
Reel JS (1999) Critical success factors in software projects. IEEE Softw 16(3):18–23
Curtis B, Hefley B, Miller S (2009) People capability maturity model (P-CMM) version 2.0, Second Edition, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, July 2009, CMU/SEI-2009-TR-003
Demir KA (2010) A simple framework for project communications. Proc. Software Engineering Research and Practice (SERP 2010), pp. 452–458, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 12–15 July 2010
Talloo TJ (2007) Business organization and management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, May 1, 2007
Disclaimer and Acknowledgements
The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of any affiliated organization or government. This study was conducted as part of a doctoral research [10] on software project management.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demir, K.A. (2017). 3PR Framework for Software Project Management: People, Process, Product, and Risk. In: Mahmood, Z. (eds) Software Project Management for Distributed Computing. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54325-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54325-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54324-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54325-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)