Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pediatric Dermatology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dermatoanthropology of Ethnic Skin and Hair

  • 1114 Accesses

Abstract

The study of pediatric skin of color encompasses a variety of beautiful birthmarks, reactive pigmentary changes, and altered disease morphologies and prevalences compared to patients with fair skin. This chapter discusses noteworthy congenital and acquired conditions in children with darker skin, including their psychosocial impact.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jablonski NG. The evolution of human skin colouration and its relevance to health in the modern world. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2012;42(1):58–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chaplin G. Geographic distribution of environmental factors influencing human skin coloration. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004;125(3):292–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. The evolution of human genetic and phenotypic variation in Africa. Curr Biol. 2010;20(4):R166–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2008;9:403–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Bryc K, et al. The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(1):37–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Brauner GJ. Cutaneous disease in black children. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137(5):488–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Henderson MD, et al. Skin-of-color epidemiology: a report of the most common skin conditions by race. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(5):584–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shih IH, et al. A birthmark survey in 500 newborns: clinical observation in two northern Taiwan medical center nurseries. Chang Gung Med J. 2007;30(3):220–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. McLaughlin MR, O’Connor NR, Ham P. Newborn skin: Part II. Birthmarks. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(1):56–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kahana M, et al. The incidence of birthmarks in Israeli neonates. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34(10):704–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Alper JC, Holmes LB. The incidence and significance of birthmarks in a cohort of 4,641 newborns. Pediatr Dermatol. 1983;1(1):58–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bolognia J, Orlow SJ. Melanocyte biology. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Leung AKC, Robson WLM. Superimposed Mongolian Spots. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(2):233–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ito) and concurrent cellular neurothekeoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(5, Supplement 1):AB83.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chaithirayanon S, Chunharas A. A survey of birthmarks and cutaneous skin lesions in newborns. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(Suppl 1):S49–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gupta D, Thappa DM. Mongolian Spots—a prospective study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(6):683–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mimouni-Bloch, A., et al. Extensive Mongolian Spots and lysosomal storage diseases. J Pediatr. 2016;170: 333-333.e1.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yang T, Jiang X. Three cases of symmetrical nevus of Ota and a brief literature review. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(7):e404–6.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bilateral nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(4, Supplement 1):AB150.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shields JA, et al. Choroidal melanoma in a black patient with oculodermal melanocytosis. Retina. 2002;22(1):126–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Infante de German-Ribon R, et al. Choroidal melanoma with oculodermal melanocytosis in Hispanic patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(2):251–3.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Goldman-Levy G, et al. Primary melanoma of the leptomeninges with bap1 expression-loss in the setting of a nevus of ota: a clinical, morphological and genetic study of 2 cases. Brain Pathol. 2016;26(4):547–50.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Franceschini D, Dinulos JG. Dermal melanocytosis and associated disorders. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015;27(4):480–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bisceglia M, et al. Nevus of Ota. Presentation of a case associated with a cellular blue nevus with suspected malignant degeneration and review of the literature. Pathologica. 1997;89(2):168–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lindsey SF, et al. Malignant melanoma from a nevus of Ota in a pediatric patient with fatal outcome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(4):e195–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Trindade F, Santonja C, Requena L. Bilateral nevus of Ito and nevus spilus in the same patient. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(2, Supplement):S51–2.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wise SR, et al. Malignant melanoma transformation within a nevus of Ito. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(5):869–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nakamura Y, et al. Malignant blue nevus arising in a giant congenital cellular blue nevus in an infant. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(5):651–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Popovic M, et al. Childhood malignant blue nevus of the ear associated with two intracranial melanocytic tumors-metastases or neurocutaneous melanosis? Hum Pathol. 2004;35(10):1292–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rabinovits HS, Barnhill RL. Benign Melanocytic Neoplasm. In Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Shah KN. The diagnostic and clinical significance of cafe-au-lait macules. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57(5):1131–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Landau M, Krafchik BR. The diagnostic value of café-au-lait macules. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40(6):877–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kalter DC, Griffiths WA, Atherton DJ. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19(6):1037–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Torchia D, Happle R. Segmental hypomelanosis and hypermelanosis arranged in a checkerboard pattern are distinct naevi: flag-like hypomelanotic naevus and flag-like hypermelanotic naevus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(11):2088–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Happle R, Franco-Guío MF, Santacoloma-Osorio G. Phylloid hypermelanosis: a cutaneous marker of several different disorders? Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(4):504–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ruiz-Maldonado R, et al. Hypomelanosis of Ito: diagnostic criteria and report of 41 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ruggieri M, Pavone L. Hypomelanosis of Ito: clinical syndrome or just phenotype? J Child Neurol. 2000;15(10):635–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sybert VP, et al. Pigmentary abnormalities and mosaicism for chromosomal aberration: association with clinical features similar to hypomelanosis of Ito. J Pediatr. 1990;116(4):581–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Di Lernia V. Linear and whorled hypermelanosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(3):205–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ertam I, et al. Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis: dermatoscopic features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(2):328–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. James WD, Carter JM, Rodman OG. Pigmentary demarcation lines: a population survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16(3 Pt 1):584–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Somani VK, Razvi F, Sita VN. Pigmentary demarcation lines over the face. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004;70(6):336–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sarma N, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya SR. Acquired, idiopathic, patterned facial pigmentation (AIPFP) including periorbital pigmentation and pigmentary demarcation lines on face follows the Lines of Blaschko on face. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(1):41–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Cho E, et al. Type B pigmentary demarcation lines of pregnancy involving the anterior thighs and knees. Ann Dermatol. 2012;24(3):348–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Garg G, Bhalla M, Thami GP. Transient infantile patterned hyperpigmentation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(3):372–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fosse N, Itin P. Pigmentary lines of the newborn: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatology. 2014;228(3):198–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Antonovich DD, Grin C, Grant-Kels JM. Childhood subungual melanoma in situ in diffuse nail melanosis beginning as expanding longitudinal melanonychia. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(3):210–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cooper C, et al. A clinical, histopathologic, and outcome study of melanonychia striata in childhood. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(5):773–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Viana AC, Gontijo B, Bittencourt FV. Giant congenital melanocytic nevus. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):863–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Ibrahimi OA, Alikhan A, Eisen DB. Congenital melanocytic nevi: Where are we now?: Part II. Treatment options and approach to treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(4):515.e1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Permatasari F, Zhou BR, Luo D. Late-onset acquired dermal melanocytosis on the hand of a Chinese woman. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79(2):269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mataix J, et al. Late-onset Ito’s nevus: an uncommon acquired dermal melanocytosis. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34(8):640–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Choi JC, et al. Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation—the late onset linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(5):638–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Book SE, Glass AT, Laude TA. Congenital Becker’s nevus with a familial association. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997;14(5):373–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pahwa P, Sethuraman G. Segmental Becker’s Nevi with mucosal involvement. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(5):670–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jones AC, Ford MJ. Simultaneous occurrence of segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia and Becker’s nevus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(10):1251–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Baeta IG, et al. Becker’s nevus syndrome: case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85(5):713–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lapidoth M, et al. Hypertrichosis in Becker’s nevus: effective low-fluence laser hair removal. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(1):191–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nanni CA, Alster TS. Treatment of a Becker’s nevus using a 694-nm long-pulsed ruby laser. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24(9):1032–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Glaich AS, et al. Fractional resurfacing: a new therapeutic modality for Becker’s nevus. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(12):1488–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S41–62.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Halder RM, Nootheti PK. Ethnic skin disorders overview. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(6, Supplement):S143–8.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cardinali G, Kovacs D, Picardo M. Mechanisms underlying post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: lessons from solar lentigo. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2012;139(Suppl 4):S148–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Magaña M, Herrera-Goepfert R. Friction hypermelanosis: other variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(3):454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Naimer SA, et al. Davener’s dermatosis: a variant of friction hypermelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(3):442–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ciliberto H, et al. Heel-line hyperpigmentation: a variant of sock-line hyperpigmentation after the use of heel-length socks. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(4):473–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Diamond G, Ben D. Amitai, Orphan rocker tracks: a variant of friction melanosis in an institutionalized child. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(6):e198–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jang K-A, et al. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: report of 10 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(2, Part 2):351–3.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Rodríguez VG, et al. Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation: a diagnostic challenge. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(2, Supplement 1):AB132.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Abbas O. Asymptomatic hyperpigmented macules. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(5):733–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2012. p. 1 online resource (2 v. in 1).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wiesenborn A, Hengge U, Megahed M. Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. Gougerot-Carteaud disease. Hautarzt. 2004;55(10):976–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Beutler BD, Cohen PR, Lee RA. Prurigo pigmentosa: literature review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(6):533–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ilkovitch D, Patton TJ. Is prurigo pigmentosa an inflammatory version of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(4):e193–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Alfadley A, et al. Reticulate acropigmentation of Dohi: a case report of autosomal recessive inheritance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(1, Part 1):113–7.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Vachiramon V, Thadanipon K. Postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36(7):708–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Phiske MM. Childhood vitiligo. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Tamesis MEB, Morelli JG. Vitiligo treatment in childhood: a state of the art review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):437–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ezzedine K, Silverberg N. A practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo in children. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hann SK, et al. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics of trichrome vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(4):589–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Miazek N, et al. Pityriasis alba—common disease, enigmatic entity: up-to-date review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(6):786–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jadotte YT, Janniger CK. Pityriasis alba revisited: perspectives on an enigmatic disorder of childhood. Cutis. 2011;87(2):66–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Blessmann Weber M, et al. Pityriasis alba: a study of pathogenic factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(5):463–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rigopoulos D, et al. Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in pityriasis alba: an open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(1):152–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Martínez-Martínez ML, et al. Progressive macular hypomelanosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(4):460–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cavalcanti SM, et al. The use of lymecycline and benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of progressive macular hypomelanosis: a prospective study. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(4):813–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim MB, et al. Narrowband UVB treatment of progressive macular hypomelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(4):598–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cavalcanti SM, et al. Investigation of Propionibacterium acnes in progressive macular hypomelanosis using real-time PCR and culture. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50(11):1347–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Taylor S, Kircik L. Community-based trial results of combination acne therapy in subjects with skin of color: postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(2, Supplement 2):AB13.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wysong A, Sundram U, Benjamin L. Clear-cell papulosis: a rare entity that may be misconstrued pathologically as normal skin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(2):195–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tseng FW, et al. Long-term follow-up study of clear cell papulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):266–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kim SW, Roh J, Park CS. Clear cell papulosis: a case report. J Pathol Transl Med. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Sim JH, Do JE, Kim YC. Clear cell papulosis of the skin: acquired hypomelanosis. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(1):128–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Eichenfield LF, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Vachiramon V, et al. Atopic dermatitis in African American children: addressing unmet needs of a common disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(4):395–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Shaw TE, et al. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Czarnowicki T, et al. Early pediatric atopic dermatitis shows only a cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) TH2/TH1 cell imbalance, whereas adults acquire CLA(+) TH22/TC22 cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(4):941–951.e3.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Wang H, et al. Ethnic differences in pain, itch and thermal detection in response to topical capsaicin: African Americans display a notably limited hyperalgesia and neurogenic inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(5):1023–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Williams HC, Pembroke AC. Infraorbital crease, ethnic group, and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(1):51–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Slater NA, Morrell DS. Systemic therapy of childhood atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(3):289–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Galli E, et al. Consensus conference on clinical management of pediatric atopic dermatitis. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42:26.

    Google Scholar 

  102. McLeod HL, et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase activity in American white subjects and black subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;55(1):15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Sharma VK, Asati DP. Pediatric contact dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76(5):514–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Mortz CG, et al. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):523–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Almeida PJ, et al. Quantification of p-phenylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in henna tattoos. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;66(1):33–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lee PW, Elsaie ML, Jacob SE. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: common allergens and treatment: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(4):491–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Sampaio AL, et al. Seborrheic dermatitis. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(6):1061–71; quiz 1072–4.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Borda LJ, Wikramanayake TC. Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: a comprehensive review. J Clin Investig Dermatol. 2015;3(2).

    Google Scholar 

  109. Tollesson A, Frithz A, Stenlund K. Malassezia furfur in infantile seborrheic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997;14(6):423–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Gupta AK, Bluhm R. Seborrheic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(1):13–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Silverberg NB. Scalp hyperkeratosis in children with skin of color: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Cutis. 2015;95(4):199–204, 207.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Tollefson MM, et al. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):979–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Mercy K, et al. Clinical manifestations of pediatric psoriasis: results of a multicenter study in the United States. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(4):424–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Arese V, et al. Juvenile psoriasis: an epidemiological study of 69 cases in the universitary dermatology clinic in Turin. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Jun 30 (Epub ahead of print).

    Google Scholar 

  115. Morris A, et al. Childhood psoriasis: a clinical review of 1262 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(3):188–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Conrado LA, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: prevalence and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):235–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. McMichael AJ, et al. Psoriasis in African-Americans: a caregivers’ survey. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):478–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Bronckers IM, et al. Psoriasis in children and adolescents: diagnosis, management and comorbidities. Paediatr Drugs. 2015;17(5):373–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Napolitano M, et al. Systemic treatment of pediatric psoriasis: a review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016;6(2):125–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Saikaly SK, Mattes M. Biologics and pediatric generalized pustular psoriasis: an emerging therapeutic trend. Cureus. 2016;8(6):e652.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Gutmark-Little I, Shah KN. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in pediatric psoriasis. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(3):305–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Gündüz Ö, Ersoy-Evans S, Karaduman A. Childhood pityriasis rosea. Pediatric Dermatol. 2009;26(6):750–1.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Amer A, Fischer H, Li X. The natural history of pityriasis rosea in black American children: how correct is the “classic” description? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(5):503–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Zawar V, Chuh A. Follicular pityriasis rosea. A case report and a new classification of clinical variants of the disease. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2012;6(2):36–9.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Vano-Galvan S, et al. Atypical Pityriasis rosea in a black child: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2:6796.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Sinha S, Sardana K, Garg VK. Coexistence of two atypical variants of pityriasis rosea: a case report and review of literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29(4):538–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Das A, et al. A case series of erythema multiforme-like pityriasis rosea. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7(3):212–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Jairath V, et al. Narrowband UVB phototherapy in pityriasis rosea. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015;6(5):326–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Drago F, Rebora A. Treatments for pityriasis rosea. Skin Therapy Lett. 2009;14(3):6–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Kumar V, et al. Childhood lichen planus (LP). J Dermatol. 1993;20(3):175–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Nanda A, et al. Childhood lichen planus: a report of 23 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18(1):1–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Luis-Montoya P, Dominguez-Soto L, Vega-Memije E. Lichen planus in 24 children with review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(4):295–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Kanwar AJ, De D. Lichen planus in children. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76(4):366–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Balasubramaniam P, Ogboli M, Moss C. Lichen planus in children: review of 26 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33(4):457–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Walton KE, et al. Childhood lichen planus: demographics of a U.S. population. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(1):34–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Limas C, Limas CJ. Lichen planus in children: a possible complication of hepatitis B vaccines. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(3):204–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kabbash C, et al. Lichen planus in the lines of Blaschko. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19(6):541–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Cohen DM, et al. Childhood lichen planus pemphigoides: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(5):569–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Nnoruka EN. Lichen planus in African children: a study of 13 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24(5):495–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Taylor SC, et al. Acne vulgaris in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S98–106.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Davis EC, Callender VD. A review of acne in ethnic skin: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3(4):24–38.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Alexis AF, Sergay AB, Taylor SC. Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. Cutis. 2007;80(5):387–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Arfan ul, Bari, Khan MB. Dermatological disorders related to cultural practices in black Africans of Sierra Leone. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007;17(5):249–52.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Shah SK, Alexis AF. Acne in skin of color: practical approaches to treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21(3):206–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Nguyen V, Eichenfield LF. Periorificial dermatitis in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):781–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kuflik JH, Janniger CK, Piela Z. Perioral dermatitis: an acneiform eruption. Cutis. 2001;67(1):21–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Knautz MA, Lesher JL. Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1996;13(2):131–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Rodriguez-Caruncho C, et al. Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis with a good response to oral metronidazole. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(5):e98–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Rodney IJ, et al. Hair and scalp disorders in ethnic populations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(4):420–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Mirmirani P, Khumalo NP. Traction alopecia: how to translate study data for public education—closing the KAP gap? Dermatol Clin. 2014;32(2):153–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Khumalo NP, et al. Hairdressing is associated with scalp disease in African schoolchildren. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):106–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Mirmirani P, Tucker L-Y. Epidemiologic trends in pediatric tinea capitis: a population-based study from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):916–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Gupta AK, et al. Tinea capitis: an overview with emphasis on management. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16(3):171–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Bonifaz A, et al. Tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, white piedra, and black piedra. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):140–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Kiken DA, et al. White piedra in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(6):956–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Kalter DC, et al. Genital white piedra: epidemiology, microbiology, and therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(6):982–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Viswanath V, et al. White piedra of scalp hair by Trichosporon inkin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77(5):591–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Desai DH, Nadkarni NJ. Piedra: an ethnicity-related trichosis? Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(8):1008–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Van Praag MCG. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pustular Disorders in the Neonate. Pediatric Dermatology. 1997;14(2):131–143.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Ghosh S. Neonatal pustular dermatosis: an overview. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(2):211.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Jennings JL, Burrows WM. Infantile acropustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;9(5):733–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Mancini AJ, Frieden IJ, Paller AS. Infantile Acropustulosis Revisited: History of Scabies and Response to Topical Corticosteroids. Pediatric Dermatology. 1998;15(5):337–341.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Castano E, et al. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in childhood and adolescence: a long-term retrospective study. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(11):924–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Westhoff W. A psychosocial study of albinism in a predominately mulatto Caribbean community. Psychol Rep. 1993;73(3):1007–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Dertlioğlu SB, Cicek D, Balci DD, Halisdemir N. Dermatology life quality index scores in children with vitiligo: comparison with atopic dermatitis and healthy control subjects. Int J Dermatol. 2012;52(1):96–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Magin P, Adams J, Heading G, Pond D, Smith W. Experiences of appearance-related teasing and bullying in skin diseases and their psychological sequelae: results of a qualitative study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2008;22(3):430–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Noor Aziah MS, Rosnah T, Mardziah A, Norzila MZ. Atopic dermatitis: a measurement of quality of life and family impact. Med J Malaysia. 2002;57(3):329–39.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Ganemo A, Lindholm C, Lindberg M, Sjoden P-O, Vahlquist A. Quality of life in adults with congenital ichthyosis. J Adv Nurs. 2003;44(4):412–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Thompson AR. Body issues in dermatology. In: Cash TF, Smolak L, editors. Body image, a handbook of science, practice, and prevention. New York: Guilford Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Thompson A, Kent G. Adjusting to disfigurement: processes involved in dealing with being visibly different. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(5):663–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Nguyen CM, Koo J, Cordoro KM. Psychodermatologic effects of atopic dermatitis and acne: a review on self-esteem and identity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016;33(2):129–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Picardi A, Abeni D, Melchi C, Puddu P, Pasquini P. Psychiatric morbidity in dermatological outpatients: an issue to be recognized. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(5):983–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Bilgiç Ö, Bilgiç A, Akiş HK, Eskioğlu F, Kiliç EZ. Depression, anxiety and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;36(4):360–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Alghamdi KM. Beliefs and perceptions of Arab vitiligo patients regarding their condition. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(10):1141–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Mattoo S, Handa S, Kaur I, Gupta N, Malhotra R. Psychiatric morbidity in vitiligo: prevalence and correlates in India. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(6):573–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Absolon CM, Cottrell D, Eldridge SM, Glover MT. Psychological disturbance in atopic eczema: the extent of the problem in school-aged children. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(2):241–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kimata H. Prevalence of suicidal ideation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36:120–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Tareen RS, Tareen AN. Psychiatric disorders frequently encountered in dermatology practices. In: Tareen RS, Gredanus DE, Jafferany M, Patel DR, Merrick J, editors. Pediatric psychodermatology: a clinical manual of child and adolescent psychocutaneous disorders. Boston: De Gruyter; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Richards HL, Fortune DG, Weidmann A, Sweeney SK, Griffiths CE. Detection of psychological distress in patients with psoriasis; low consensus between dermatologist and patient. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:1227–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Seghers AC, et al. Atopic dirty neck or acquired atopic hyperpigmentation? An epidemiological and clinical study from the National Skin Centre in Singapore. Dermatology. 2014;229(3):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ, Williams ML, Chren M. Effects of atopic dermatitis on young american children and their families. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):607–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Naqvi H, Saul K. Culture and ethnicity. In: Rumsey N, Harcourt D, editors. The Oxford handbook of the psychology of appearance. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Papadopoulos L, Bor R, Walker C, Flaxman P, Legg C. Different shades of meaning: illness beliefs among vitiligo sufferers. Psychol Health Med. 2002;7(4):425–33.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Ersser SJ, et al. Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD009660.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Mitchell AE, et al. Childhood atopic dermatitis: a cross-sectional study of relationships between child and parent factors, atopic dermatitis management, and disease severity. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(1):216–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Boston University Medical Center, 609 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02120, USA

    Lubna H. Suaiti

  2. Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA

    Yasin A. Damji

  3. Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA

    Margaret S. Lee

Authors
  1. Lubna H. Suaiti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yasin A. Damji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Margaret S. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margaret S. Lee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Center for Ethnic Skin, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Neelam A. Vashi

  2. University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suaiti, L.H., Damji, Y.A., Lee, M.S. (2017). Pediatric Dermatology. In: Vashi, N., Maibach, H. (eds) Dermatoanthropology of Ethnic Skin and Hair. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53961-4_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53961-4_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53960-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53961-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation